Donald is a 61 y.o. man with diverticulitis. Diverticulitis is characterized by:
- A. Periodic rectal hemorrhage.
- B. Hypertension and tachycardia.
- C. Vomiting and elevated temperature.
- D. Crampy and lower left quadrant pain and low-grade fever.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because diverticulitis typically presents with crampy pain in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen and a low-grade fever. This is due to inflammation or infection of the diverticula.
A: Periodic rectal hemorrhage is more characteristic of diverticular bleeding, not diverticulitis.
B: Hypertension and tachycardia are not typically associated with diverticulitis but may occur in severe cases or with complications.
C: Vomiting and elevated temperature can occur but are not as specific to diverticulitis as the combination of symptoms described in option D.
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Which information will the nurse include when teaching a patient how to avoid chronic constipation? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Stimulant and saline laxatives can be used regularly.
- B. Bulk-forming laxatives are an excellent source of fiber.
- C. Walking or cycling frequently will help bowel motility.
- D. A good time for a bowel movement may be after breakfast.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bulk-forming laxatives are an excellent source of fiber. Fiber helps to soften stools, regulate bowel movements, and prevent constipation. By increasing fiber intake through bulk-forming laxatives or dietary sources, the patient can promote regularity and prevent chronic constipation.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
A: Stimulant and saline laxatives can cause dependency and are not recommended for regular use as they can disrupt the natural bowel function.
C: While physical activity like walking or cycling can aid in bowel motility, it is not the primary factor in preventing chronic constipation.
D: Timing of bowel movements can vary among individuals, and there is no specific "good time" universally applicable for everyone to have a bowel movement.
Cholesterol that is required to produce steroids and bile salts is carried in
- A. micelles.
- B. chylomicrons.
- C. low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
- D. high-density lipoproteins (HDL).
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: low-density lipoproteins (LDL). LDL carries cholesterol to tissues where it is needed for steroid synthesis and bile salt production. LDL is known as the "bad" cholesterol transporter because high levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries. Micelles (A) are small lipid droplets in the intestine, chylomicrons (B) transport dietary fats, and HDL (D) is known as the "good" cholesterol transporter that helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream.
Which of these organs is not considered an accessory digestive structure?
- A. mouth
- B. salivary glands
- C. pancreas
- D. liver
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: mouth. The mouth is not considered an accessory digestive structure because it is part of the main digestive system. The mouth is where the process of digestion begins with the mechanical breakdown of food through chewing and the chemical breakdown through the action of saliva produced by salivary glands. The salivary glands, pancreas, and liver are all accessory digestive structures because they aid in the digestion process but are not part of the alimentary canal. Salivary glands produce enzymes to further break down food, the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine, and the liver produces bile to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats. These organs work alongside the main digestive system to help with the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.
You have a situation where the hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter or sphincter of Oddi will not relax. You would expect
- A. chyme not to be released into the stomach.
- B. the feces to contain a much higher percentage of fat than normal.
- C. the feces to contain a much higher percentage of starch and protein than normal.
- D. chyme not to be released into the large intestine.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: the feces to contain a much higher percentage of fat than normal. The hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter controls the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum to aid in fat digestion. If it does not relax, fat digestion would be impaired, leading to undigested fat in feces. A: Chyme is the semi-liquid mixture of food and digestive juices in the stomach, not affected by this sphincter. C: Starch and protein digestion mainly occur in the stomach and small intestine, not directly influenced by this sphincter. D: Chyme enters the large intestine after passing through the small intestine, not controlled by this sphincter directly.
Which of these nutrients is absorbed mainly in the duodenum?
- A. glucose
- B. iron
- C. sodium
- D. water
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: iron. Iron is mainly absorbed in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Here's the rationale:
1. Duodenum is where iron absorption begins.
2. Iron is absorbed through the duodenal mucosal cells.
3. The acidic environment in the duodenum enhances iron absorption.
4. Other nutrients like glucose are mainly absorbed in the small intestine but not specifically in the duodenum.
5. Sodium and water are primarily absorbed in the small intestine, with water being absorbed throughout the digestive tract.