Nokea
A physician just told a patient that she has a volvulus. When the patient asks the nurse what this is, what is the best description for the nurse to give her?
- A. Bowel folding on itself
- B. Twisting of bowel on itself
- C. Emboli of arterial supply to the bowel
- D. Protrusion of bowel in weak or abnormal opening
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A volvulus is the twisting of the bowel, which can cause obstruction and is a medical emergency.
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Ferritin is a globular protein that transports and stores ______ in the liver and blood.
- A. glycogen
- B. lipids
- C. vitamin B12
- D. iron
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: iron. Ferritin is a protein that binds and stores iron in the liver and blood. It plays a crucial role in regulating iron levels in the body. Glycogen (A) is a storage form of glucose, not stored by ferritin. Lipids (B) are not stored by ferritin either. Vitamin B12 (C) is mainly stored in the liver bound to specific proteins, not ferritin. Iron is the correct answer as it aligns with the main function of ferritin in iron transport and storage.
Which one of the following cells in the gastric glands produce pepsinogen?
- A. endocrine cells
- B. mucous neck cells
- C. chief or zymogenic cells
- D. parietal or oxyntic cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: chief or zymogenic cells. These cells are responsible for producing pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin, which is an enzyme that helps in protein digestion. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen into the gastric lumen. Endocrine cells (A) produce hormones like gastrin, mucous neck cells (B) secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining, and parietal cells (D) secrete hydrochloric acid to create an acidic environment for pepsinogen activation. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it directly produces pepsinogen.
Which two regions of a tooth contain living cells?
- A. dentin and enamel
- B. anatomical crown and cementum
- C. enamel and cementum
- D. dentin and cementum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Dentin and cementum are the two regions of a tooth that contain living cells. Dentin is the hard tissue beneath the enamel and cementum that forms the bulk of the tooth structure. It contains living cells called odontoblasts responsible for dentin formation. Cementum is the hard tissue covering the tooth root and is essential for anchoring the tooth in the jawbone. Cementum contains living cells called cementoblasts responsible for cementum formation. Therefore, both dentin and cementum are vital regions of a tooth that house living cells involved in tooth development and maintenance.
A: Dentin and enamel - Enamel is the outermost layer of the tooth and does not contain living cells.
B: Anatomical crown and cementum - Anatomical crown is not a region of the tooth containing living cells.
C: Enamel and cementum - Enamel does not contain living cells, only mineralized structures.
Your physician measures your blood pressure as 120/110. What SHOULD be your response?
- A. you're not concerned because the higher of the two numbers is normal
- B. you're concerned because the diastolic number indicates your heart will have to work harder
- C. you're not concerned because these numbers mean nothing in terms of heart function
- D. you're concerned because the systolic number is too low and your cardiac output will decrease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: you're concerned because the diastolic number indicates your heart will have to work harder. This is because the diastolic number (110) represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats, which should ideally be below 80. A high diastolic pressure indicates increased resistance in the arteries, making the heart work harder to pump blood. The systolic number (120) being within the normal range is not as concerning as the elevated diastolic pressure.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect because the diastolic number being high is a cause for concern.
- Choice C is incorrect as blood pressure numbers are crucial indicators of heart function.
- Choice D is incorrect as the systolic number being low is not the primary concern in this case.
In which region of the GI tract is the longitudinal muscle of the muscularis arranged into distinct longitudinal bundles?
- A. Duodenum
- B. Jejunum
- C. Ileum
- D. Colon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Colon. The colon has the longitudinal muscle of the muscularis arranged into distinct longitudinal bundles called taeniae coli. This unique structure helps in the formation of haustra, the pouches seen in the colon. In contrast, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum do not have this specific arrangement of longitudinal muscle bundles. The duodenum has a smooth muscle layer, while the jejunum and ileum have a continuous layer of smooth muscle without distinct longitudinal bundles. Therefore, the colon is the region of the GI tract where the longitudinal muscle is organized into distinct bundles.