Nokea
The _____ are vessels that project into the villi and absorb fatty substances.
- A. lacteals
- B. lymphatics
- C. veins
- D. arteries
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: lacteals. Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels located in the villi of the small intestine. They are responsible for absorbing dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Lymphatics (choice B) are a broader term for lymphatic vessels and nodes. Veins (choice C) are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Arteries (choice D) are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Therefore, only lacteals specifically project into the villi and absorb fatty substances, making them the correct choice.
You may also like to solve these questions
What laboratory test results should the nurse expect to find in a patient with cirrhosis?
- A. Serum albumin: 7.0 g/dL (70 g/L)
- B. Total bilirubin: 3.2 mg/dL (54.7 mmol/L)
- C. Serum cholesterol: 260 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L)
- D. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 6.0 U/L (0.1 mkat/L)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In cirrhosis, the serum albumin level is typically low, and total bilirubin is often elevated due to impaired liver function.
Which of the following statements regarding the adaptive immune response is false?
- A. major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) display both self and non-self antigens
- B. the MHC is not required for the activation of T helper cells by a foreign antigen
- C. activated effector T helper cells can activate both T and B lymphocytes/cells
- D. T cells use 'chemical warfare' while B cells send out antibodies against the foreign antigen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Answer B is correct because the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is indeed required for the activation of T helper cells by a foreign antigen. This is because T helper cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Without MHC presentation, T helper cells cannot be activated.
Choice A is incorrect because MHC molecules do display both self and non-self antigens, which is crucial for the immune system to distinguish between harmful invaders and healthy cells.
Choice C is incorrect because activated effector T helper cells can indeed activate both T and B lymphocytes/cells, playing a key role in coordinating the adaptive immune response.
Choice D is incorrect because T cells do not use 'chemical warfare'; instead, they directly attack infected cells, while B cells produce antibodies that target specific antigens.
In summary, choice B is false because the MHC is necessary for T helper cell activation, while choices A, C, and D are true statements regarding the adaptive immune response.
Your physician measures your blood pressure as 120/110. What SHOULD be your response?
- A. you're not concerned because the higher of the two numbers is normal
- B. you're concerned because the diastolic number indicates your heart will have to work harder
- C. you're not concerned because these numbers mean nothing in terms of heart function
- D. you're concerned because the systolic number is too low and your cardiac output will decrease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: you're concerned because the diastolic number indicates your heart will have to work harder. This is because the diastolic number (110) represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats, which should ideally be below 80. A high diastolic pressure indicates increased resistance in the arteries, making the heart work harder to pump blood. The systolic number (120) being within the normal range is not as concerning as the elevated diastolic pressure.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect because the diastolic number being high is a cause for concern.
- Choice C is incorrect as blood pressure numbers are crucial indicators of heart function.
- Choice D is incorrect as the systolic number being low is not the primary concern in this case.
A nurse is caring for a client who has an active upper gastrointestinal bleed. After inserting a NG tube into the client, which of the following findings should the nurse anticipate?
- A. Frothy pink drainage
- B. Dark amber drainage
- C. Coffee-ground drainage
- D. Greenish-yellow drainage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Coffee-ground drainage. This indicates upper GI bleed, where blood mixes with gastric acid, forming a coffee-ground appearance. Frothy pink drainage (A) is more common in respiratory issues. Dark amber drainage (B) is typical for lower GI bleeds. Greenish-yellow drainage (D) is not associated with GI bleeding. In this case, the nurse should monitor for coffee-ground drainage to assess the severity of the upper GI bleed.
In which region of the GI tract is the longitudinal muscle of the muscularis arranged into distinct longitudinal bundles?
- A. Duodenum
- B. Jejunum
- C. Ileum
- D. Colon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Colon. The colon has the longitudinal muscle of the muscularis arranged into distinct longitudinal bundles called taeniae coli. This unique structure helps in the formation of haustra, the pouches seen in the colon. In contrast, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum do not have this specific arrangement of longitudinal muscle bundles. The duodenum has a smooth muscle layer, while the jejunum and ileum have a continuous layer of smooth muscle without distinct longitudinal bundles. Therefore, the colon is the region of the GI tract where the longitudinal muscle is organized into distinct bundles.