Nokea
The nurse identifies a need for additional teaching when a patient with acute infectious diarrhea makes which statement?
- A. I can use A&D ointment or Vaseline jelly around the anal area to protect my skin.'
- B. Gatorade is a good liquid to drink because it replaces the fluid and salts I have lost.'
- C. I may use over-the-counter Imodium or Parepectolin when I need to control the diarrhea.'
- D. I must wash my hands after every bowel movement to prevent spreading the diarrhea to my family.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The use of Imodium or Parepectolin for diarrhea should be avoided in acute infectious diarrhea as it may delay the elimination of the causative agent and worsen the condition.
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The _____ are vessels that project into the villi and absorb fatty substances.
- A. lacteals
- B. lymphatics
- C. veins
- D. arteries
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: lacteals. Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels located in the villi of the small intestine. They are responsible for absorbing dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Lymphatics (choice B) are a broader term for lymphatic vessels and nodes. Veins (choice C) are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Arteries (choice D) are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Therefore, only lacteals specifically project into the villi and absorb fatty substances, making them the correct choice.
Which two regions of a tooth contain living cells?
- A. dentin and enamel
- B. anatomical crown and cementum
- C. enamel and cementum
- D. dentin and cementum
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Dentin and cementum are the two regions of a tooth that contain living cells. Dentin is the hard tissue beneath the enamel and cementum that forms the bulk of the tooth structure. It contains living cells called odontoblasts responsible for dentin formation. Cementum is the hard tissue covering the tooth root and is essential for anchoring the tooth in the jawbone. Cementum contains living cells called cementoblasts responsible for cementum formation. Therefore, both dentin and cementum are vital regions of a tooth that house living cells involved in tooth development and maintenance.
A: Dentin and enamel - Enamel is the outermost layer of the tooth and does not contain living cells.
B: Anatomical crown and cementum - Anatomical crown is not a region of the tooth containing living cells.
C: Enamel and cementum - Enamel does not contain living cells, only mineralized structures.
Which one of the following cells in the gastric glands produce pepsinogen?
- A. endocrine cells
- B. mucous neck cells
- C. chief or zymogenic cells
- D. parietal or oxyntic cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: chief or zymogenic cells. These cells are responsible for producing pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin, which is an enzyme that helps in protein digestion. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen into the gastric lumen. Endocrine cells (A) produce hormones like gastrin, mucous neck cells (B) secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining, and parietal cells (D) secrete hydrochloric acid to create an acidic environment for pepsinogen activation. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it directly produces pepsinogen.
You have a situation where the hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter or sphincter of Oddi will not relax. You would expect
- A. chyme not to be released into the stomach.
- B. the feces to contain a much higher percentage of fat than normal.
- C. the feces to contain a much higher percentage of starch and protein than normal.
- D. chyme not to be released into the large intestine.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: the feces to contain a much higher percentage of fat than normal. The hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter controls the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum to aid in fat digestion. If it does not relax, fat digestion would be impaired, leading to undigested fat in feces. A: Chyme is the semi-liquid mixture of food and digestive juices in the stomach, not affected by this sphincter. C: Starch and protein digestion mainly occur in the stomach and small intestine, not directly influenced by this sphincter. D: Chyme enters the large intestine after passing through the small intestine, not controlled by this sphincter directly.
Patients with GI bleeding may experience an acute or chronic blood loss. The patient is experiencing hematochezi The physician recognizes this as:
- A. Vomiting of bright red or maroon blood.
- B. Black, tarry stool.
- C. Coffee ground emesis.
- D. Red- or maroon-colored stool rectally.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hematochezia refers to the passage of fresh, red or maroon-colored blood from the rectum, often indicating lower GI bleeding.