Nokea
Of the following, the MOST likely cause of constipation is
- A. hypothyroidism
- B. Hirschsprung disease
- C. functional constipation
- D. celiac disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Functional constipation is the most common cause of constipation in children, often due to diet or behavioral factors.
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The nurse is conducting a staff in-service on newborn defects of the genitourinary system. Which describes the narrowing of the preputial opening of the foreskin?
- A. Chordee
- B. Phimosis
- C. Epispadias
- D. Hypospadias
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Phimosis is the term used to describe the narrowing of the preputial opening of the foreskin in males. This condition does not allow the foreskin to be fully retracted over the head of the penis, which can cause issues with hygiene and potentially lead to infections. Phimosis can occur in newborns and also persist into adulthood if not treated. It is important for healthcare providers, including nurses, to be aware of this condition in order to provide appropriate education and intervention when needed.
The client is a type II DM patient. The client asks the nurse what is the primary reason a type II diabetic does not usually develop diabetic ketoacidosis?
- A. there is no insulin available for the state of hyperglycemia
- B. the type II diabetic has no protein of fat reserves
- C. there is no sufficient insulin to prevent the breakdown of protein and fatty acid for metabolic needs
- D. there is insufficient serum glucose concentrations
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary reason a type II diabetic does not usually develop diabetic ketoacidosis is that there is no sufficient insulin to prevent the breakdown of protein and fatty acids for metabolic needs. In type II diabetes, the body still produces some insulin, unlike in type I diabetes where there is a complete lack of insulin. However, the insulin that is produced in type II diabetes may not be enough to effectively lower blood sugar levels and prevent the breakdown of protein and fatty acids for energy. This imbalance can lead to high blood sugar levels, known as hyperglycemia, but not to the extent of causing diabetic ketoacidosis, which typically occurs in the absence of sufficient insulin to prevent the breakdown of fats into ketones.
An elderly nursing home resident who has always been alert and oriented is now showing signs of dehydration and has become confused. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely involved?
- A. Hyponatremia
- B. Hypercalcemia
- C. Hyperkalemia
- D. Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hyponatremia is an electrolyte imbalance characterized by low sodium levels in the blood. Sodium plays a crucial role in regulating the body's fluid balance and is essential for nerve and muscle function. Elderly individuals are at a higher risk of developing hyponatremia due to various factors, including medication use, reduced thirst sensation, and impaired kidney function.
Which food choice contains the highest kilocalorie?
- A. Apple
- B. Chicken
- C. Bacon
- D. Bread
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bacon contains the highest kilocalories among the food choices provided. Bacon is high in fat, with approximately 42 kilocalories per slice (8 grams) compared to other options like an apple (52 kilocalories), chicken (231 kilocalories), and bread (79 kilocalories). The high fat content in bacon contributes to its higher caloric value compared to the other choices listed. As such, bacon is the food choice with the highest kilocalorie content in this selection.
A 5 months child is brought for routine care. During auscultation of heart you find a short systolic murmur at left upper sternal border with soft 2nd heart sound. The most likely diagnosis is?
- A. Ventricular septal defect
- B. Atrial septal defect
- C. Patent ductus arteriosus
- D. Pulmonary stenosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atrial septal defect (ASD) often presents with a systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border and a fixed split second heart sound.