Nokea
On what basis would the nurse suspect an MI?
- A. He has pale, cool, clammy skin
- B. He reports nausea and vomited once at home
- C. He says he is anxious and has a feeling of impending doom
- D. He reports he has had no relief of the pain with rest or position change
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Persistent pain despite rest suggests MI.
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What is the term for the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta per beat, determined by preload, contractility, and afterload?
- A. Stroke volume
- B. Cardiac output
- C. End-diastolic volume
- D. Ejection fraction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stroke volume. Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta per beat. Preload (end-diastolic volume), contractility, and afterload influence stroke volume. Cardiac output (B) is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. End-diastolic volume (C) is the volume of blood in the ventricle before contraction. Ejection fraction (D) is the percentage of blood ejected from the ventricle during systole.
Which of the following is a chronic condition characterized by difficulty breathing due to airflow obstruction, commonly associated with long-term smoking?
- A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- B. Asthma
- C. Pulmonary hypertension
- D. Bronchitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow obstruction and difficulty breathing.
2. COPD is commonly linked to long-term smoking due to the damage caused to the lungs.
3. Asthma involves airway inflammation and reversible airflow obstruction, not necessarily linked to smoking.
4. Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the lungs, not directly related to smoking.
5. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not synonymous with airflow obstruction.
Summary: COPD is the correct answer as it aligns with the chronic condition characterized by airflow obstruction due to long-term smoking, distinguishing it from the other choices.
Which valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle from the aorta?
- A. Aortic valve
- B. Mitral valve
- C. Tricuspid valve
- D. Pulmonary valve
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aortic valve. The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, preventing the backflow of blood into the left ventricle during diastole. This is essential for maintaining proper blood flow direction and preventing regurgitation. The other choices, B: Mitral valve, C: Tricuspid valve, and D: Pulmonary valve, are all located in different areas of the heart and serve different functions. The mitral valve is between the left atrium and ventricle, the tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and ventricle, and the pulmonary valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. None of these valves are responsible for preventing backflow into the left ventricle from the aorta.
Which condition refers to the heart being unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Myocardial infarction
- C. Cardiomyopathy
- D. Pericarditis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Heart failure. This condition occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can result from various factors such as high blood pressure, heart muscle damage, or heart valve disorders. In contrast, B (Myocardial infarction) refers to a heart attack caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries, C (Cardiomyopathy) is a disease of the heart muscle, and D (Pericarditis) is inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart. These conditions may affect the heart's function but do not specifically indicate the inability to pump sufficient blood like heart failure does.
A client with dysrhythmia has decreased cardiac output. Which of the following nursing interventions is essential to maintain adequate cardiac output?
- A. Encourage mild exercises
- B. Place the client in supine position
- C. Ensure a client IV access
- D. Provide supplemental oxygen
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Supplemental oxygen improves oxygen delivery to tissues, supporting cardiac output in clients with dysrhythmias.