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What is a condition where the heart's ability to pump blood is decreased, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Cardiomyopathy
- C. Pericarditis
- D. Myocarditis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Heart failure. Heart failure occurs when the heart's ability to pump blood is reduced, causing fluid buildup in the lungs and other body parts due to inadequate circulation. It is a condition characterized by the heart's inability to meet the body's demands. Cardiomyopathy (B) is a disease of the heart muscle, while pericarditis (C) is inflammation of the pericardium, and myocarditis (D) is inflammation of the heart muscle. These conditions can lead to heart failure but are not the direct cause of decreased pumping ability.
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A patient with chronic heart failure is treated with hydrochlorothiazide, digoxin, and lisinopril. To prevent the risk of digitalis toxicity with these drugs, it is most important that the nurse monitor the patient's
- A. HR
- B. BP
- C. Potassium levels
- D. GI function
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypokalemia is one of the most common causes of digitalis toxicity. When a patient is receiving potassium losing diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide, it is essential to monitor the potassium level.
What is the term for the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta per beat, determined by preload, contractility, and afterload?
- A. Stroke volume
- B. Cardiac output
- C. End-diastolic volume
- D. Ejection fraction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stroke volume. Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta per beat. Preload (end-diastolic volume), contractility, and afterload influence stroke volume. Cardiac output (B) is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. End-diastolic volume (C) is the volume of blood in the ventricle before contraction. Ejection fraction (D) is the percentage of blood ejected from the ventricle during systole.
This medication type is used to relax and widen blood vessels, improving blood flow and reducing blood pressure.
- A. Vasodilator
- B. Anticoagulant
- C. Diuretic
- D. Beta-blocker
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vasodilator. Vasodilators relax and widen blood vessels, leading to improved blood flow and decreased blood pressure. They work directly on the muscles in the walls of blood vessels. Anticoagulants (B) prevent blood clot formation, diuretics (C) increase urine production to reduce fluid buildup, and beta-blockers (D) reduce heart rate and blood pressure by blocking the effects of adrenaline. Therefore, only vasodilators directly target blood vessel relaxation and widening to improve blood flow and reduce blood pressure.
While obtaining patient histories, which patient does the nurse identify as having the highest risk for CAD?
- A. A white man, age 54, who is a smoker and has a stressful lifestyle
- B. A white woman, age 68, with a BP of 172/100 mm Hg and who is physically inactive
- C. An Asian woman, age 45, with a cholesterol level of 240 mg/dL and a BP of 130/74 mm Hg
- D. An obese African American man, age 65, with a cholesterol level of 195 mg/dL and a BP of 128/76 mm Hg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Smoking and stress are strong risk factors for CAD.
The healthcare provider is administering IV nitroglycerin to a patient for chest pain. What is the most critical parameter to monitor?
- A. Heart rate
- B. Blood pressure
- C. Oxygen saturation
- D. Respiratory rate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Blood pressure. When administering IV nitroglycerin for chest pain, monitoring blood pressure is critical due to its vasodilatory effect, which can cause hypotension. Monitoring blood pressure helps prevent potential adverse effects like hypotension-related symptoms or complications. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate are also important parameters to monitor, but blood pressure takes precedence in this scenario due to the potential for significant hemodynamic changes.