Nokea
On which biological theory of aging is the prevention of telomere shortening based?
- A. Genetic research
- B. Caloric restriction
- C. Oxidative stress
- D. Cross-link
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Genetic research. Telomere shortening is primarily based on the theory of cellular senescence, which is related to genetic research. Telomeres are protective caps at the end of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division. Genetic research has shown that telomere shortening is associated with aging and age-related diseases. Caloric restriction, oxidative stress, and cross-link theories of aging are not directly linked to telomere shortening. Caloric restriction focuses on extending lifespan by reducing calorie intake, oxidative stress theory suggests that aging is caused by cumulative damage from reactive oxygen species, and cross-link theory emphasizes the accumulation of non-reversible bonds between molecules as a cause of aging.
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How does sarcopenia impact functional independence in older adults?
- A. It leads to increased body fat and reduced muscle mass, hindering mobility.
- B. It results in diminished lung capacity, reducing the ability to perform daily activities.
- C. It causes joint stiffness, leading to pain and limited range of motion.
- D. It significantly affects balance and mobility, increasing the risk of falls.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because sarcopenia, which is the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, directly impacts balance and mobility in older adults. Muscle weakness from sarcopenia reduces stability and coordination, increasing the risk of falls. This affects functional independence as it limits the ability to perform daily activities safely. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as sarcopenia primarily affects muscle mass and strength, not body fat, lung capacity, or joint stiffness.
Which condition is often misdiagnosed as depression in older adults?
- A. Chronic fatigue syndrome
- B. Dementia
- C. Anemia
- D. Sleep apnea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dementia. Older adults often experience cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral changes that can be mistaken for symptoms of depression. Dementia is a common condition in the elderly that can be misdiagnosed due to overlapping symptoms such as apathy, social withdrawal, and changes in sleep patterns. Chronic fatigue syndrome (A), anemia (C), and sleep apnea (D) may also present with symptoms of fatigue and sleep disturbances, but they are less likely to be confused with depression in older adults compared to dementia.
In geriatric nursing, which factor is most important in determining the effectiveness of rehabilitation after a stroke?
- A. Age of the patient
- B. Family support and involvement
- C. Number of medications prescribed
- D. Patient’s previous health conditions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Family support and involvement. This is crucial in determining the effectiveness of rehabilitation after a stroke because a supportive and involved family can provide emotional support, encouragement, and assistance with activities of daily living. This positively impacts the patient's motivation, compliance with treatment, and overall well-being, leading to better rehabilitation outcomes.
A: Age of the patient - While age can be a factor in stroke recovery, it is not the most important factor as older patients can still make significant progress with proper rehabilitation and support.
C: Number of medications prescribed - While medication management is important in stroke recovery, it is not the most crucial factor for rehabilitation effectiveness.
D: Patient’s previous health conditions - While previous health conditions can impact stroke recovery, the level of family support and involvement plays a more significant role in determining the effectiveness of rehabilitation after a stroke.
Which nursing intervention would not help a patient with xerostomia?
- A. Using humidifiers
- B. Using mouth rinses or artificial saliva products
- C. Providing sugar free hard candies
- D. Increasing medications from once a day to twice a day
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because increasing medications would not directly address xerostomia. Xerostomia is dry mouth, often caused by decreased saliva production. Using humidifiers (A) helps increase moisture in the air, mouth rinses/artificial saliva (B) lubricate the mouth, and sugar-free hard candies (C) stimulate saliva production. Increasing medications (D) would not target the root cause of xerostomia and may even exacerbate dry mouth symptoms.
In differentiating between health and wellness in health care, which of the following statements is true?
- A. Health is a broad term encompassing attitudes and behaviors.
- B. The concept of illness prevention was never considered by previous generations.
- C. Wellness and self-actualization develop through learning and growth.
- D. Wellness is impossible when one’s health is compromised.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because health refers to a state of physical, mental, and social well-being, encompassing attitudes and behaviors. Choice B is incorrect as previous generations did consider illness prevention. Choice C is incorrect as wellness and self-actualization can also be influenced by genetics and environment. Choice D is incorrect as wellness can still be achieved through various aspects even if one's health is compromised.