Nokea
One of the following is a difference between pulmonary respiration of frog and human
- A. Diaphragm and ribs play role in respiration
- B. Lungs are respiratory organs
- C. Respiration occurs due to pressure gradient
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because in frogs, respiration is mainly driven by buccal pumping using their mouth cavity and floor of the mouth, while in humans, diaphragm and ribs play a crucial role in expanding and contracting the chest cavity for breathing. Choices B and C are incorrect as both frogs and humans have lungs as respiratory organs and respiration occurs due to a pressure gradient in both species. Choice D is incorrect as the difference lies in the involvement of the diaphragm and ribs in respiration.
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The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s).
- A. apneustic
- B. pneumotaxic
- C. DRG and VRG
- D. expiratory
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG) and Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) are the centers in the brainstem responsible for controlling the rate and depth of breathing. The DRG primarily regulates inspiration, while the VRG is involved in both inspiration and expiration. The apneustic and pneumotaxic centers (choices A and B) are subregions within the pons that modulate the activity of the DRG and VRG but do not establish the baseline rate and depth of breathing. The expiratory center (choice D) is responsible for controlling only the expiratory phase of breathing and is not involved in setting the normal rate and depth of breathing.
Hypoxia
- A. causes hyperventilation
- B. may cause headaches, nausea, and lethargy.
- C. can lead to loss of consciousness and death
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hypoxia, which is a condition of low oxygen levels in the body, can indeed lead to hyperventilation, as the body tries to compensate. It can also cause symptoms like headaches, nausea, and lethargy due to the lack of oxygen reaching the brain and other organs. Severe hypoxia can lead to loss of consciousness and even death if oxygen levels are not restored promptly. Therefore, all the statements in choices A, B, and C are true in relation to hypoxia, making option D the correct choice.
Which class of drugs often inhibits carbonic anhydrase and is used for certain medical conditions?
- A. Antibiotics
- B. Antihistamines
- C. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- D. Antidepressants
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. These drugs inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, which plays a role in various physiological processes. They are used to treat conditions such as glaucoma, epilepsy, and altitude sickness. Antibiotics (A) target bacterial infections, antihistamines (B) relieve allergy symptoms, and antidepressants (D) treat depression, making them unrelated to carbonic anhydrase inhibition.
A male patient is admitted to the healthcare facility for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Which nursing diagnosis is most important for this patient?
- A. Activity intolerance related to fatigue.
- B. Anxiety related to actual threat to health status.
- C. Risk for infection related to retained secretions.
- D. Impaired gas exchange related to airflow obstruction.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Impaired gas exchange related to airflow obstruction. This is the most important nursing diagnosis for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease because impaired gas exchange directly impacts the patient's ability to breathe and obtain oxygen. Addressing this issue is crucial in managing the patient's condition and preventing further complications.
A: Activity intolerance related to fatigue may be a concern for the patient, but it is secondary to the primary issue of impaired gas exchange.
B: Anxiety related to actual threat to health status is important to address, but it is not the most critical nursing diagnosis for this patient.
C: Risk for infection related to retained secretions is a valid concern, but it is not as immediate and directly life-threatening as impaired gas exchange in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
A nurse assesses a client's respiratory status. Which information is most important for the nurse to obtain?
- A. Average daily fluid intake.
- B. Neck circumference.
- C. Height and weight.
- D. Occupation and hobbies.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Occupation and hobbies. This information is crucial as certain occupations or hobbies may expose the client to respiratory hazards, leading to potential respiratory issues. By assessing their occupation and hobbies, the nurse can identify any risks or triggers that could impact the client's respiratory status.
A: Average daily fluid intake is important for overall health but not directly related to respiratory status assessment.
B: Neck circumference may be relevant for assessing airway obstruction risk but is not as critical as occupation and hobbies.
C: Height and weight are more related to general health and body mass index, not specifically respiratory status assessment.