Nokea
Outbreak of cases of typhoid fever occurs in the community. Nurse Keena should inform the residents that the transmission of the disease is through _______.
- A. A vector
- B. Blood and body fluids
- C. Food and water
- D. Air
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Food and water. Typhoid fever is primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. The bacteria are shed in the feces of infected individuals and can contaminate water sources or food prepared with contaminated water. This transmission route aligns with the typical epidemiology of typhoid fever outbreaks.
Now, let's discuss why the other choices are incorrect:
A: A vector - Typhoid fever is not transmitted by a vector such as mosquitoes or ticks.
B: Blood and body fluids - Typhoid fever is not typically spread through blood or body fluids but rather through ingestion of contaminated food or water.
D: Air - Typhoid fever is not an airborne disease and is not transmitted through the air.
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Nurse Victor reviews the medical history of patient Mila. Which of the following conditions is the MOST common cause of cardiogenic shock?
- A. Decreased hemoglobin level
- B. Acute myocardial infarction (MI)
- C. Hypotension
- D. Coronary artery disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of cardiogenic shock. During an MI, there is significant damage to the heart muscle, leading to a decrease in cardiac output and subsequent shock. This results in inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because decreased hemoglobin level (A) may lead to anemia but is not the most common cause of cardiogenic shock. Hypotension (C) is a symptom of shock, not the cause. Coronary artery disease (D) is a risk factor for MI but not the direct cause of cardiogenic shock.
Which of the following is the RATIONALE for instilling eye drops to patients who had eye surgery?
- A. To help control the intra-ocular pressure
- B. To treat an eye infection
- C. To dilate the patient's pupils
- D. To constrict the patient's pupils
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A: To help control the intra-ocular pressure
Rationale:
1. Eye surgery can lead to increased intra-ocular pressure.
2. Instilling eye drops can help reduce this pressure post-surgery.
3. Controlling intra-ocular pressure is crucial for proper healing and preventing complications.
4. Eye drops for infection (B) or pupil dilation/constriction (C, D) are not primary concerns post-eye surgery.
Ms. Nena is specifically assigned to talk individually with community leaders like the primary grade teacher and the barangay official in charge of the health committee. Which data collection method will the nurse use?
- A. Key informant interview
- B. Participant observer
- C. Community mapping
- D. Social survey
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Key informant interview. Ms. Nena will use this method to gather in-depth information from knowledgeable individuals within the community. This approach allows her to gain insights and perspectives from key stakeholders, such as the primary grade teacher and barangay official, who have first-hand knowledge and experience. Key informant interviews are particularly useful for obtaining specific details, opinions, and insights that may not be easily accessible through other methods. In contrast, participant observer involves direct participation in community activities, community mapping focuses on spatial data collection, and social survey typically involves collecting data from a larger sample size rather than individual key informants.
When there is failure to supervise a child adequately, especially in children younger than 12, the kind of child abuse is, which of the following?
- A. Emotional
- B. Neglect
- C. Sexual
- D. Physical
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Neglect. Failure to supervise a child adequately falls under the category of neglect, which is the failure to provide for a child's basic needs such as supervision, food, shelter, and medical care. In this scenario, the lack of proper supervision constitutes neglect as it puts the child at risk of harm or danger. Emotional abuse (A) involves harming a child's emotional well-being through actions like verbal abuse. Sexual abuse (C) involves inappropriate sexual behavior towards a child. Physical abuse (D) involves causing physical harm or injury to a child. In this case, the failure to supervise the child adequately is best categorized as neglect, making choice B the correct answer.
Which of the following structures is responsible for the initial mechanical breakdown of food during mastication?
- A. Tongue
- B. Pharynx
- C. Salivary glands
- D. Teeth
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Teeth. Teeth are responsible for the initial mechanical breakdown of food during mastication. Step 1: Teeth use their hard surfaces to chew and grind food into smaller pieces. Step 2: This process increases the surface area of the food, making it easier for digestive enzymes to break down. Step 3: The tongue aids in moving the food around the mouth but does not break down the food mechanically. Pharynx is responsible for swallowing, not mastication. Salivary glands produce saliva that helps in the lubrication and digestion of food, but they do not directly participate in the mechanical breakdown of food.