Nokea
Oxytocin:
- A. is bound to neurophysin in plasma.
- B. inhibits production of milk.
- C. inhibits myometrial contraction.
- D. inhibits sperm swimming on the gonad.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. In the bloodstream, oxytocin is mostly bound to a carrier protein called neurophysin. This binding helps to protect oxytocin from being degraded too quickly in the bloodstream, thus allowing it to exert its effects on target tissues such as the uterus and mammary glands. Oxytocin plays important roles in stimulating uterine contractions during labor, facilitating milk letdown during breastfeeding, and promoting social bonding and emotional connections.
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Growth hormone:
- A. induces gigantism in adults.
- B. is the only pituitary hormone synthesized from cholesterol.
- C. stimulates its own secretion.
- D. is released during sleep.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Growth hormone is primarily released during sleep, particularly during the first few hours of deep sleep. This release is pulsatile in nature, with the majority occurring at night. Growth hormone plays a critical role in growth, repair, and development of body tissues during periods of rest and sleep. Additionally, the secretion of growth hormone is also influenced by factors such as stress, exercise, and nutritional status.
Neurological features of myxoedema include all of the following except:
- A. Delayed relaxation of ankle jerk
- B. Cerebellar ataxia
- C. Hypertonia
- D. Bradylalia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Myxoedema refers to severe hypothyroidism which can lead to neurological manifestations. The correct features associated with myxoedema include delayed relaxation of ankle jerk (Choice A), hypertonia (Choice C), and bradylalia (Choice D). Cerebellar ataxia, which involves incoordination and balance issues due to dysfunction of the cerebellum, is not a typical neurological feature seen in myxoedema.
Which age group does acromegaly most commonly affect?
- A. 30-50 years
- B. 10-25 years
- C. 55-70 years
- D. 25-40 years
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acromegaly most commonly affects individuals in the age group of 30-50 years. This condition is typically diagnosed in adults between these ages. Acromegaly is often caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in adults, which leads to excessive bone growth and tissue expansion. While acromegaly can develop at any age, it is more commonly seen in adults within the 30-50 age range.
Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of all the following except
- A. Diabetes mellitus
- B. Cancer
- C. Hypertension
- D. Chronic obstructive lung disease
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing various health conditions, including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and hypertension. However, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is not directly linked to obesity. COPD is primarily caused by exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly from cigarette smoke. While obesity can impact lung function and worsen symptoms in individuals with COPD, it is not a direct cause of the condition. Therefore, the correct answer is D, chronic obstructive lung disease.
Charcot joint in diabetes mellitus commonly affects:
- A. Hip
- B. Shoulder
- C. Knee
- D. Foot
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Charcot joint, also known as neuropathic arthropathy, is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the joints. It commonly affects the foot, especially the midfoot and hindfoot. The condition is characterized by joint deformities, fractures, and dislocations due to nerve damage and loss of sensation in the foot. The repetitive stress on the foot from walking or weight-bearing activities can lead to progressive joint destruction and deformity. It is important for individuals with diabetes to monitor their foot health closely and seek prompt medical attention if they notice any changes or deformities in their feet.