Nokea
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired air respectively
- A. 0.3 and 40 mm Hg
- B. 0.3 and 32 mm Hg
- C. 40 and 46 mm Hg
- D. 40 and 0.3 mm Hg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inspired air is around 0.3 mm Hg as it is very low in atmospheric air. During expiration, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases to around 40 mm Hg due to its exchange in the lungs. This makes option A the correct answer. Option B is incorrect because the partial pressure of CO2 in expired air is not 32 mm Hg. Option C is incorrect as 40 mm Hg is the partial pressure in expired air, not inspired air. Option D is incorrect because 0.3 mm Hg is the partial pressure in inspired air, not expired air.
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Henry's law states that
- A. gas volume and temperature are directly proportional
- B. gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional
- C. the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure
- D. in a mixture of gases such as air
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Henry's law states that the volume of gas dissolved in a solvent is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solvent. This means that as the gas pressure increases, more gas will dissolve in the solvent. Choice C correctly describes this relationship between gas pressure and gas solubility in a solvent. Choices A and B are not related to Henry's law. Choice D is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information about Henry's law.
In an older client, the alveolar walls become thinner and contain fewer capillaries. What does this condition lead to?
- A. Loss of elasticity in the lungs
- B. Decreased gas exchange
- C. Increased stiffness in lungs
- D. Decreased numbers of alveoli
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (Decreased gas exchange). Thinning alveolar walls and reduced capillary density directly impair the diffusion of gases across the alveolar-capillary membrane, leading to decreased gas exchange. While A (loss of elasticity) might occur with aging, it is not the primary consequence here. C (increased stiffness) is incorrect because stiffness typically results from fibrosis or other conditions, not thinning walls. D (decreased numbers of alveoli) could happen but is unrelated to the specific scenario described.
A nurse cares for a client who has packing inserted for posterior nasal bleeding. What action would the nurse take first?
- A. Assess the client's pain level.
- B. Keep the client's head elevated.
- C. Teach the client about the causes of nasal bleeding.
- D. Assess the client's airway.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Assess the client's airway. This is the priority action as airway patency is always the top priority in any emergency situation. In this case, posterior nasal bleeding can lead to blood flow into the throat, potentially obstructing the airway. Ensuring the client's airway is clear and maintaining adequate oxygenation is crucial for their safety.
Choice A (Assess the client's pain level) is not the priority when there is a potential risk to the airway. Choice B (Keep the client's head elevated) may be done after confirming airway patency. Choice C (Teach the client about the causes of nasal bleeding) is important but not the immediate priority in this situation.
Which of the following does the examiner note when auscultating the lungs of a client with pleural effusion?
- A. Pronounced breath sounds
- B. Friction rub
- C. Expiratory wheezes
- D. Fluid in the involved area
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Fluid in the pleural space muffles breath sounds and may be noted during auscultation. A (pronounced breath sounds) is incorrect as they are diminished in pleural effusion. B (friction rub) occurs in pleuritis, not effusion. C (expiratory wheezes) indicates airway obstruction, not fluid accumulation.
What is heart failure?
- A. A sudden stoppage of the heart
- B. Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively
- C. Accumulation of excess cholesterol in the arteries
- D. Irregular heartbeat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively. Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention.
Explanation:
1. Heart failure is a chronic condition that develops over time due to various factors such as high blood pressure, heart attacks, or heart muscle damage.
2. The inability of the heart to pump blood effectively results in reduced blood flow to the body's organs and tissues.
3. This can lead to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and other parts of the body, causing symptoms like shortness of breath and swelling.
4. A sudden stoppage of the heart (Choice A) would result in cardiac arrest, not heart failure.
5. Accumulation of excess cholesterol in the arteries (Choice C) refers to atherosclerosis, not heart failure.
6. An irregular heartbeat (Choice D) may be a symptom