Nokea
Pentalogy of Cantrell consists
- A. ectopia cordis
- B. supraumbilical defect
- C. anterior diaphragm defect
- D. intracardiac defect
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pentalogy of Cantrell involves multiple midline defects including ectopia cordis.
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Respiratory distress at birth is mostly caused by:
- A. Diaphragmatic hernia
- B. Meconium aspiration
- C. RDS (respiratory distress syndrome)
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because RDS is the most common cause of respiratory distress in newborns. The other options (a, b, d, e) are less common causes.
What are FIVE indications for pacemaker insertion in a child with congenital heart block?
- A. Symptomatic bradycardia
- B. Ventricular dysfunction or low cardiac output
- C. Wide QRS escape
- D. Complex ventricular ectopy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Symptomatic bradycardia is the most common indication for pacemaker insertion in children with congenital heart block, to ensure adequate heart rate and perfusion.
Which patient could require feeding by gavage?
- A. Infant with congestive heart failure (CHF)
- B. Toddler with repair of transposition of the great vessels
- C. Toddler with Kawasaki disease (KD) in the acute phase
- D. School-age child with rheumatic fever (RF) and chorea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Feeding by gavage may be required if the child is unable to feed orally without increased cardiac demand, as might be seen after surgical repair of transposition of the great vessels.
Short stature due to growth hormone deficiency:
- A. Is characteristically manifest in infancy
- B. May be secondary to irradiation to the skull
- C. Can be part of congenital hypopituitarism
- D. Is easily corrected
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Growth hormone deficiency can result from cranial irradiation, which may damage the pituitary gland and impair hormone production.
The most likely diagnosis in the patient is
- A. patent ductus arteriosus
- B. critical aortic stenosis
- C. critical pulmonic stenosis
- D. tetralogy of Fallot
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Tetralogy of Fallot involves right ventricular hypertrophy, a VSD, overriding aorta, and pulmonary stenosis, consistent with the findings.