Nokea
Probucol (Lorelco) reduces the risk of atherosclerosis by stimulating the rate of clearance of LDL by receptor-mediated pathways. This consideration is:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. All
- D. None
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Probucol does not stimulate the rate of clearance of LDL by receptor-mediated pathways.
2. Probucol works by increasing HDL levels and reducing LDL oxidation.
3. Therefore, the statement that Probucol stimulates LDL clearance is false.
4. Choice B is correct as it accurately reflects the mechanism of action of Probucol.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect as Probucol does not stimulate LDL clearance.
- Choice C is incorrect as not all statements are true.
- Choice D is incorrect as the statement is false.
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Ethambutol has the following unwanted effect:
- A. Cardiotoxicity
- B. Immunetoxicity
- C. Retrobulbar neuritis with red-green color blindness
- D. Hepatotoxicity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice C:
1. Ethambutol is known to cause retrobulbar neuritis, a condition that affects the optic nerve leading to vision changes.
2. The specific symptom of red-green color blindness is commonly associated with ethambutol toxicity.
3. This effect is due to the drug's direct impact on the optic nerve.
4. Regular monitoring of visual acuity and color vision is recommended during ethambutol treatment.
Summary of other choices:
A. Cardiotoxicity: Ethambutol is not known to cause direct cardiotoxic effects.
B. Immunetoxicity: Ethambutol primarily affects the optic nerve, not the immune system.
D. Hepatotoxicity: Ethambutol is generally well-tolerated by the liver and does not commonly cause hepatotoxicity.
Tick the synthetic vasoconstrictor having an adrenomimic effect:
- A. Noradrenalin
- B. Adrenalin
- C. Phenylephrine
- D. Angiotensinamide
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Phenylephrine. Phenylephrine is a synthetic vasoconstrictor that acts by stimulating adrenergic receptors, specifically alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction. Noradrenaline (A) and adrenaline (B) are endogenous catecholamines that also have vasoconstrictive effects but are not synthetic. Angiotensinamide (D) is not a synthetic vasoconstrictor and acts through a different mechanism involving the renin-angiotensin system. In summary, Phenylephrine is the correct choice as it is a synthetic vasoconstrictor with adrenomimetic effects, while the other options do not fit this description.
Antibiotics altering permeability of cell membranes are:
- A. Glycopeptides
- B. Polymyxins
- C. Tetracyclines
- D. Cephalosporins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Polymyxins. Polymyxins are antibiotics that work by altering the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane, leading to leakage of cellular contents and ultimately bacterial cell death. This mechanism of action is specific to polymyxins, making it the correct choice.
Incorrect Choices:
A: Glycopeptides - Glycopeptides work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, not by altering cell membrane permeability.
C: Tetracyclines - Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria, they do not target cell membrane permeability.
D: Cephalosporins - Cephalosporins interfere with cell wall synthesis, they do not directly affect cell membrane permeability.
Which of the following antienzymes is a proteolysis inhibitor?
- A. Contrical
- B. Sulbactam
- C. Aminocaproic acid
- D. Disulfiram
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Identify the antienzyme that inhibits proteolysis. Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids by proteolytic enzymes.
Step 2: Contrical is a proteolysis inhibitor that specifically inhibits trypsin, a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine.
Step 3: Sulbactam is a beta-lactamase inhibitor used in combination with antibiotics to prevent bacterial resistance.
Step 4: Aminocaproic acid is a fibrinolysis inhibitor used to prevent excessive blood clot breakdown.
Step 5: Disulfiram is an alcohol deterrent that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, not proteolysis.
Summary: Contrical (Choice A) is the correct answer as it directly inhibits a proteolytic enzyme involved in protein breakdown. Sulbactam, aminocaproic acid, and disulfiram do not target proteolysis enzymes.
The nurse is instructing the client on the taking of aspirin. What would be part of that instruction?
- A. Take aspirin on an empty stomach.
- B. Take aspirin along with the daily dose of warfarin.
- C. Discard any aspirin that smells like vinegar.
- D. Aspirin can be taken by a hemophiliac.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Aspirin smelling like vinegar indicates decomposition; it should be discarded to ensure safety and efficacy.