Nokea
Propranolol produces all of the following actions EXCEPT:
- A. Negative inotropic effect
- B. Negative chronotropic effect
- C. Slowing of A-V conduction
- D. Bronchodilation in asthmatic patients
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker which primarily affects the heart. Bronchodilation is not a common effect of propranolol due to its non-selectivity for beta-2 receptors in the lungs. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer. Choices A, B, and C are correct because propranolol typically causes negative inotropic effect (reduced force of heart contraction), negative chronotropic effect (slowing of heart rate), and slowing of A-V conduction (delay in electrical signal between atria and ventricles), respectively.
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Hormones help balance the body’s reactions differently than nerve impulses in that:
- A. the reactions take longer to occur.
- B. hormones can target specific target cells found somewhere else in the body.
- C. the reactions can last much longer.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Hormones balance the body's reactions differently than nerve impulses because:
- A: Hormonal responses are slower compared to nerve impulses due to the time it takes for hormones to travel through the bloodstream.
- B: Hormones can target specific target cells located in different parts of the body, making their effects more targeted and widespread.
- C: Hormonal effects can last longer than the quick, temporary effects of nerve impulses, contributing to sustained physiological changes. Therefore, D encompasses all these aspects, highlighting how hormones differ from nerve impulses.
Hypocalcemic tetany:
- A. causes a flaccid paralysis.
- B. resembles neuromuscular blockade by curare.
- C. may be caused by a deficiency of PTH.
- D. is caused by a deficiency of insulin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hypocalcemic tetany is associated with low levels of calcium in the blood.
2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a crucial role in calcium regulation.
3. A deficiency of PTH can lead to decreased calcium levels, causing tetany.
4. Therefore, choice C is correct as hypocalcemic tetany may be caused by a deficiency of PTH.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Hypocalcemic tetany leads to muscle spasms, not flaccid paralysis.
B: Incorrect. Curare blockade affects neuromuscular transmission, not calcium levels.
D: Incorrect. Insulin deficiency is associated with hyperglycemia, not hypocalcemia leading to tetany.
What is the density of the block and does it float or sink in the liquid?
- A. 0.50, floats
- B. 0.50, sinks
- C. 2.0, floats
- D. 2.0, sinks
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 2.0, sinks. Density is calculated by mass/volume. If the density of the block is 2.0, it means it is denser than the liquid (density of water is around 1.0), so it will sink. If the density was 0.50, it would be less dense than the liquid and float, making choices A and C incorrect. Choice B is also incorrect as a block with a density of 0.50 would float.
ADH ________.
- A. increases urine production
- B. promotes dehydration
- C. is produced in the adenohypophysis
- D. is inhibited by alcohol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because alcohol inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland. ADH helps regulate water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output. Alcohol impairs this process, leading to increased urine production and dehydration. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because ADH decreases urine production, prevents dehydration, and is produced in the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary), not the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary).
Which one of the following hormones is secreted by neurones?
- A. Insulin
- B. Oxytocin
- C. Thyroid stimulating hormone
- D. Cortisol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oxytocin. Neurones secrete oxytocin, a hormone involved in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Neurones release oxytocin from the hypothalamus into the bloodstream. Insulin is secreted by pancreatic cells, not neurones. Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, and cortisol is released by the adrenal glands. Therefore, the correct answer is oxytocin as it is the hormone secreted by neurones.