Nokea
Prostaglandins play pathophysiological role in the following EXCEPT:
- A. Patency of ductus arteriosus
- B. Regulation of renal tubular salt absorption
- C. Ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction
- D. Initiation of labour
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prostaglandins maintain ductus arteriosus patency, regulate renal salt absorption, and initiate labor, but ventricular remodeling post-myocardial infarction is primarily driven by other factors like cytokines and neurohormones.
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Prescribing less-expensive generic drugs or drugs off the 4 retail pharmacy lists:
- A. Increases the complexity of the pharmacoeconomics of prescribing for the individual patient
- B. Increases compliance by reducing the financial burden of drug costs to the patient
- C. Is not sound prescribing practice due to the inferiority of the generic products
- D. Will increase the overall cost of drugs to the system due to the ease of overprescribing less-expensive drugs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Generic drugs improve adherence by lowering patient costs.
A nurse is teaching a client who has schizophrenia strategies to cope with anticholinergic effects of Fluphenazine. Which of the following should the nurse suggest to the client to minimize anticholinergic effects?
- A. Take the medication in the morning to prevent insomnia.
- B. Chew sugarless gum to moisten the mouth.
- C. Use cooling measures to decrease fever.
- D. Take an antacid to relieve nausea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chewing gum relieves dry mouth, a common anticholinergic effect of fluphenazine.
Glucocorticoids:
- A. Decrease amount of immunocompetent cells and macrophages in the blood
- B. Stimulate activity of macrophages and monocytes
- C. Increase amount of T lymphocytes
- D. Stimulate production of antibodies
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Glucocorticoids reduce immunocompetent cells and macrophages, contributing to their immunosuppressive effects.
The patient asks the nurse why generic drugs would be used and voices concerns that only the brand name product will be safe. What is the nurse's best response?
- A. Generic drugs are often less expensive.
- B. Some quality control problems have been found with generic drugs.
- C. Most generic drugs are very safe and can be cost effective as well.
- D. Although initial cost is higher for a brand name it may cost less in the long run.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Most generic medications are completely safe and may be identical to the brand name drug except generic medications are often less expensive, but this does not address the patient's concern about safety. Although some quality control issues have occurred in the past, this does not address the patient's concerns regarding safety or explain why generic drugs are prescribed and used. Although some doctors believe initial cost is higher but will cost less over time, this response also does not address the patient's concerns.
Adverse event of alfa glucosidase inhibitors is:
- A. Disorder of intestine function
- B. Weight gain
- C. Acidosis
- D. Allergy reactions
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose cause intestinal issues (e.g., flatulence) due to undigested carbohydrates.