Nokea
Proteins are split by all of the following pancreatic factors except which one?
- A. zymogen
- B. chymotrypsin
- C. trypsin
- D. carboxypeptidase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: zymogen. Zymogen is an inactive precursor form of an enzyme that is converted to its active form by certain conditions, such as pH or other enzymes. In contrast, chymotrypsin, trypsin, and carboxypeptidase are all pancreatic enzymes directly involved in the breakdown of proteins. Therefore, zymogen does not directly split proteins, making it the exception among the pancreatic factors listed.
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The effects of parasympathetic stimulation on the GIT include:
- A. Constriction of the pylorus
- B. Contraction of the internal anal sphincter
- C. Contraction of the external anal sphincter
- D. Contraction of the gall bladder
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because parasympathetic stimulation causes the contraction of the gall bladder. This is due to the release of acetylcholine which stimulates the gall bladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum to aid in digestion. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as parasympathetic stimulation does not cause constriction of the pylorus, contraction of the internal anal sphincter, or contraction of the external anal sphincter.
Which of the following statements regarding Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in humans is NOT TRUE?
- A. SNPs occur at a frequency of about once every 300 nucleotides
- B. they are a rare source of genetic polymorphisms
- C. a polymorphism leading to increased IL-6 expression is associated with greater mortality
- D. none of the above are true
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because SNPs are actually a common source of genetic polymorphisms, occurring frequently in the human genome. SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide base and are estimated to occur once every 300 nucleotides. Choice A is incorrect because of this high frequency. Choice C is also incorrect as certain SNPs can indeed impact gene expression and health outcomes. Choice D is incorrect because B is not true, making the statement false. In summary, B is the correct answer as SNPs are not rare but rather common genetic variations in humans.
Select the single most accurate statement about the absorptive area of the human intestine?
- A. The absorptive area is equivalent to that of a tennis court
- B. All of the options given are correct
- C. Changes in motility increase the contact time between nutrients and absorptive surface
- D. The presence of folds, villi and microvilli on the surface of enterocytes magnifies the absorptive area
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the presence of folds, villi, and microvilli on the surface of enterocytes significantly increases the absorptive area of the intestine. The folds increase the surface area, villi further increase the surface area, and microvilli further amplify the absorptive surface. This intricate structure allows for efficient absorption of nutrients. Option A is incorrect as the absorptive area is not equivalent to a tennis court. Option B is incorrect because not all options are correct. Option C is incorrect because changes in motility can affect nutrient absorption but do not directly relate to the absorptive area of the intestine like the structural features mentioned in option D.
The liver combines a toxic by-product of amino acid metabolism, ammonia, with another waste product, carbon dioxide, to form the water-soluble ______, which is excreted in the kidneys.
- A. cholesterol
- B. bilirubin
- C. urea
- D. uric acid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C: urea. Ammonia is toxic and needs to be converted into a less toxic form for excretion. The liver combines ammonia with carbon dioxide to form urea through the urea cycle. Urea is water-soluble and is excreted by the kidneys in urine. Cholesterol (A) is a lipid molecule, bilirubin (B) is a by-product of heme metabolism, and uric acid (D) is a by-product of purine metabolism. These molecules are not formed from the combination of ammonia and carbon dioxide and are not excreted in the kidneys.
Priority Decision: A patient treated for vomiting is to begin oral intake when the symptoms have subside To promote rehydration
- A. the nurse plans to administer which fluid first?
- B. Water
- C. Hot tea
- D. Gatorade
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The priority is to administer fluids to rehydrate the patient.
Step 2: Intravenous fluids are not mentioned, so the nurse should start with oral fluids.
Step 3: Option A is the most appropriate choice as it addresses the need for fluid intake to promote rehydration.
Step 4: Water (Option B) lacks electrolytes that aid in rehydration.
Step 5: Hot tea (Option C) may irritate the stomach and not provide adequate hydration.
Step 6: Gatorade (Option D) contains electrolytes but may be too heavy for initial rehydration.