Nokea
Recognize the following that would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
- A. Anaphylaxis
- B. Allergic contact dermatitis
- C. Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
- D. Immune complex hypersensitivity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Allergic contact dermatitis. This is classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction because it involves activation of T cells, which takes time to develop. Anaphylaxis (A) is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction mediated by IgE. Cytotoxic hypersensitivity (C) involves antibodies attacking cells directly, not delayed. Immune complex hypersensitivity (D) involves immune complexes depositing in tissues, triggering inflammation, not T cell activation.
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A patient identified as HIV antibody–positive 1 year ago manifests acute HIV infection but does not want to start antiretroviral therapy at this time. What is an appropriate nursing intervention for the patient at this stage of illness?
- A. Assist with end-of-life issues
- B. Provide care during acute exacerbations
- C. Provide physical care for chronic diseases
- D. Teach the patient about immune enhancement
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Immune enhancement strategies, such as nutrition and stress reduction, can help maintain health until the patient decides to initiate ART.
T cells help B cells to:
- A. Undergo isotype switching
- B. Produce antibodies against protein antigens
- C. Receive signal 2 of activation
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." T cells help B cells undergo isotype switching by providing cytokines. They also help B cells produce antibodies against protein antigens by activating them. T cells provide signal 2 of activation to B cells through the interaction of CD40 on B cells with CD40L on T cells. Therefore, all of these functions are critical for the collaboration between T and B cells in the immune response.
Which cells are the most important phagocytes in innate immunity?
- A. Natural killer cells and B lymphocytes
- B. Macrophages and neutrophils
- C. T cells and dendritic cells
- D. Basophils and eosinophils
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B - Macrophages and neutrophils are the most important phagocytes in innate immunity. Macrophages are versatile cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, while neutrophils are the most abundant phagocytes in the blood and are critical for early immune responses. Natural killer cells and B lymphocytes (A) are not phagocytes, but rather involved in adaptive immunity. T cells and dendritic cells (C) play roles in adaptive immunity and antigen presentation, not direct phagocytosis. Basophils and eosinophils (D) are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections, not primary phagocytic functions.
Which of the following is NOT an organ-specific autoimmune disease
- A. Multiple sclerosis
- B. Lupus
- C. Diabetes
- D. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lupus. Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs and tissues throughout the body, rather than being specific to a single organ. Multiple sclerosis (A) is a neurological autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. Diabetes (C) is an autoimmune disease that affects the pancreas. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (D) is an autoimmune disease targeting the thyroid gland. Lupus does not specifically target a single organ, making it the correct choice.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of T cells?
- A. They recognize three-dimensional structures of a pathogen
- B. Their receptors possess specificity
- C. Their receptors have one antigen-binding site
- D. Their antigen receptors are never secreted
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because T cells do not recognize three-dimensional structures of a pathogen. T cell receptors interact with processed antigen fragments presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Choice B is correct because T cell receptors possess specificity for antigens. Choice C is incorrect because T cell receptors have multiple antigen-binding sites. Choice D is incorrect as T cell receptors can be secreted as soluble forms.