Nokea
Flu neuraminidase is
- A. A protein that allows the virus to escape the host immune response
- B. A surface protein that allows the release of newly formed viral particles
- C. The target of Tamiflu
- D. Both B and C are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because flu neuraminidase is a surface protein that allows the release of newly formed viral particles and it is also the target of Tamiflu. Neuraminidase helps the virus spread by cleaving sialic acid from host cells, facilitating the release of viral particles. Tamiflu inhibits neuraminidase, preventing the spread of the virus. Option A is incorrect because neuraminidase does not directly help the virus escape the host immune response. Option B is partially correct but incomplete without mentioning Tamiflu. Option C is also partially correct but incomplete without mentioning the role of neuraminidase in releasing viral particles.
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Which word identifies a mutation of protooncogenes?
- A. Oncogenes
- B. Retrogenes
- C. Oncofetal antigens
- D. Tumor angiogenesis factor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Protooncogenes, when mutated, become oncogenes, which promote uncontrolled cell growth.
A patient identified as HIV antibody–positive 1 year ago manifests acute HIV infection but does not want to start antiretroviral therapy at this time. What is an appropriate nursing intervention for the patient at this stage of illness?
- A. Assist with end-of-life issues
- B. Provide care during acute exacerbations
- C. Provide physical care for chronic diseases
- D. Teach the patient about immune enhancement
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Immune enhancement strategies, such as nutrition and stress reduction, can help maintain health until the patient decides to initiate ART.
What groups listed below have true cell walls?
- A. algae
- B. mycoplasmas
- C. Gram-positive bacteria
- D. fungi
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mycoplasmas. Mycoplasmas have cell walls, which contain peptidoglycan, making them structurally similar to typical bacteria. Algae (choice A) have cell walls made of cellulose, Gram-positive bacteria (choice C) have cell walls containing thick layers of peptidoglycan, and fungi (choice D) have cell walls made of chitin. Mycoplasmas lack a cell wall, but they have a flexible cell membrane that provides them with shape and protection.
The patient in a long arm cast (from below the shoulder to the wrist, with a 90-degree elbow flexion) complains of a burning sensation over the elbow. The nurse's initial intervention should be:
- A. Elevate the casted arm on pillows.
- B. Check to see if the cast is properly supported.
- C. Notify the charge nurse of developing pressure ulcer.
- D. Cut a "window" in the cast.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Check to see if the cast is properly supported. The burning sensation over the elbow could indicate nerve compression due to improper cast positioning. By checking if the cast is properly supported, the nurse can ensure that there is no pressure on the nerves causing the burning sensation. Elevating the casted arm (choice A) may not address the root cause of the burning sensation. Notifying the charge nurse of developing pressure ulcer (choice C) is premature without confirming the cause of the burning sensation. Cutting a "window" in the cast (choice D) should be a last resort after ruling out other issues.
The type of immunological protection provided by plasma therapy is
- A. Natural active
- B. Natural passive
- C. Artificial active
- D. Artificial passive
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Artificial passive. Plasma therapy involves administering preformed antibodies to provide immediate protection against a specific pathogen. This is considered artificial passive immunity because the antibodies are obtained from an external source rather than being produced by the individual's immune system.
Explanation:
1. Natural active immunity (Choice A) is when the body produces its antibodies after exposure to a pathogen, which is not the case in plasma therapy.
2. Natural passive immunity (Choice B) is when antibodies are passed from mother to fetus or through breast milk, not obtained through plasma therapy.
3. Artificial active immunity (Choice C) involves vaccination to stimulate the body's immune response, which is different from plasma therapy.
In summary, the correct answer is D (Artificial passive) because plasma therapy provides immediate immunity through externally sourced antibodies, distinguishing it from the other types of immunological protection.