Nokea
The most abundant class of antibodies produced during a primary immune response is
- A. IgM
- B. IgE
- C. IgA
- D. IgG
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: IgM. During a primary immune response, IgM antibodies are the first class produced by plasma cells. IgM is the largest antibody and is effective at agglutinating pathogens. It is later followed by IgG production. IgE is involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections, not typically produced in large amounts during a primary response. IgA is more abundant in mucosal tissues and secretions.
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What are the characteristics of the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system (select all that apply)?
- A. CO2 is eliminated by the lung
- B. Neutralizes HCl acid to yield carbonic acid and salt
- C. H2CO3 formed by neutralization dissociates into H2O and CO2
- D. Shifts H+ in and out of cell in exchange for other cations such as potassium and sodium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This buffer system eliminates CO2 via lungs, neutralizes acids/bases, shifts hydrogen ions across membranes, and maintains pH balance.
One hypothesis links the cytokine storm associated with SARS and Avian Flu to
- A. Elevated levels of ROS during these infections in the lung
- B. Elevated levels of acute phase proteins
- C. Formation of the inflammasome through activation of NLRP3
- D. Recognition of oxidized forms of a host lipid called PAPC by TLR4
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but it seems like there might be a mistake in the question provided as there is no option E listed. Could you please provide the correct answer or clarify the question so that I can assist you further?
Which of the following is the most severe complication among clients with allergies,regardless of type?
- A. Bronchitis
- B. Cardiac arrest
- C. Anaphylactic shock and angioneurotic edema
- D. Asthma and nasal polyps
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anaphylactic shock and angioneurotic edema are life-threatening allergic reactions that require immediate medical intervention.
During the adaptive immune response mature dendritic cells provide polarizing cytokines that influence the differentiation of Th subsets. The polarizing cytokine(s) produced by a dendritic cell depends on:
- A. Whether it expresses MHC class I or MHC class II molecules
- B. The type of pathogen it encounters
- C. Which type of Fc receptor it expresses
- D. All of the above are correct
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The type of pathogen it encounters. Dendritic cells produce different polarizing cytokines based on the type of pathogen they encounter. This is crucial for directing the differentiation of T helper (Th) subsets. Choice A is incorrect because the expression of MHC class I or II molecules by dendritic cells is important for antigen presentation to T cells, not for determining polarizing cytokines. Choice C is also incorrect because Fc receptors are involved in antibody-mediated immune responses, not in determining polarizing cytokines. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it directly influences the differentiation of Th subsets by providing appropriate polarizing cytokines based on the encountered pathogen.
A 26-year-old man was adopted. What health information related to his biological parents and family will be most useful to him when he gets married (select all that apply)?
- A. Cholecystitis occurring in family members
- B. Occurrence of prostate cancer in one uncle
- C. Ages of family members diagnosed with diseases
- D. Kidney stones present in extended family members
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Information about specific diseases like prostate cancer, ages of diagnosis, and causes of death provide critical insights into potential hereditary risks, making them highly relevant for future health planning.