Nokea
Phagocytes were discovered by:
- A. Ilya Metchnikoff
- B. Louis Pasteur
- C. Emil von Behring
- D. Robert Koch
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ilya Metchnikoff. He discovered phagocytes through his research on immune responses in starfish larvae. Metchnikoff observed cells engulfing foreign particles, leading to the discovery of phagocytosis. Louis Pasteur is famous for his work in microbiology and vaccination. Emil von Behring discovered antitoxins. Robert Koch is known for his work in bacteriology and identifying the causative agents of diseases. Therefore, the correct answer is A as Metchnikoff specifically discovered phagocytes.
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Peyer's patches are found in the:
- A. Intestine
- B. Spleen
- C. Lungs
- D. Skin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peyer's patches are lymphoid nodules located in the small intestine, specifically in the ileum. They play a crucial role in the immune response of the gut. The correct answer is A: Intestine because Peyer's patches are specifically found in the intestine. The other choices are incorrect because the spleen is a different organ involved in filtering blood, the lungs are primarily involved in respiration, and the skin is the body's largest organ responsible for protection and thermoregulation.
Which cells are the most important phagocytes in innate immunity?
- A. Natural killer cells and B lymphocytes
- B. Macrophages and neutrophils
- C. T cells and dendritic cells
- D. Basophils and eosinophils
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B - Macrophages and neutrophils are the most important phagocytes in innate immunity. Macrophages are versatile cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, while neutrophils are the most abundant phagocytes in the blood and are critical for early immune responses. Natural killer cells and B lymphocytes (A) are not phagocytes, but rather involved in adaptive immunity. T cells and dendritic cells (C) play roles in adaptive immunity and antigen presentation, not direct phagocytosis. Basophils and eosinophils (D) are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections, not primary phagocytic functions.
Hfr strains of bacteria:
- A. do not have an 'F' (fertility) factor.
- B. have an 'F' factor plasmid.
- C. have an 'F' factor integrated in the bacterial chromosome.
- D. transfer the genetic information to other bacteria with ow frequency.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because Hfr strains of bacteria have the F factor integrated into their bacterial chromosome. This integration allows for the transfer of genetic material during conjugation. This integration results in a high frequency of genetic information transfer to recipient cells, which is a characteristic of Hfr strains.
Choice A is incorrect because Hfr strains do have the F factor, but it is integrated into their chromosome, not absent. Choice B is incorrect because Hfr strains do not just have an F factor plasmid; it is integrated into the chromosome. Choice D is incorrect because Hfr strains actually transfer genetic information with high frequency, not low frequency.
The patient in a long arm cast (from below the shoulder to the wrist, with a 90-degree elbow flexion) complains of a burning sensation over the elbow. The nurse's initial intervention should be:
- A. Elevate the casted arm on pillows.
- B. Check to see if the cast is properly supported.
- C. Notify the charge nurse of developing pressure ulcer.
- D. Cut a "window" in the cast.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Check to see if the cast is properly supported. The burning sensation over the elbow could indicate nerve compression due to improper cast positioning. By checking if the cast is properly supported, the nurse can ensure that there is no pressure on the nerves causing the burning sensation. Elevating the casted arm (choice A) may not address the root cause of the burning sensation. Notifying the charge nurse of developing pressure ulcer (choice C) is premature without confirming the cause of the burning sensation. Cutting a "window" in the cast (choice D) should be a last resort after ruling out other issues.
A client is in the hospital and has received two doses of an angiotensin-converting enzyme for hypertension. When the nurse answers the client's call light, the client presents an appearance as shown below: What action by the nurse takes is most appropriate?
- A. Administer epinephrine 1:1000, 0.3 mg IV push immediately.
- B. Apply oxygen by facemask at 100% and a pulse oximeter.
- C. Ensure a patent airway while calling the Rapid Response Team.
- D. Reassure the client that these symptoms will go away.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct action by the nurse is to ensure a patent airway while calling the Rapid Response Team (Choice C). This is because the client is showing signs of angioedema, a potential adverse reaction to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Angioedema can lead to airway compromise and respiratory distress, hence ensuring a patent airway is crucial. Additionally, calling the Rapid Response Team will allow for immediate medical intervention and monitoring of the client's condition.
Choice A (Administer epinephrine) is incorrect as epinephrine is not the first-line treatment for angioedema associated with ACE inhibitors. Choice B (Apply oxygen) is not sufficient to address the potential airway compromise. Choice D (Reassure the client) is inappropriate as the client's condition requires immediate action to address the potential airway obstruction.