Nokea
Regarding iron:
- A. it is more readily absorbed in the ferric form
- B. men lose about 0.6mg/d
- C. average daily iron intake is 40mg
- D. ascorbic acid reduces iron absorption
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because men lose about 0.6mg of iron per day through various physiological processes like shedding skin cells and hair. This loss must be replenished through dietary intake to maintain iron balance. Choice A is incorrect as iron is more readily absorbed in the ferrous form. Choice C is incorrect as the average daily iron intake is around 18mg. Choice D is incorrect ascorbic acid enhances iron absorption rather than reducing it.
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Which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver?
- A. Insulin
- B. Growth Hormone
- C. Glucagon
- D. Estrogen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Glucagon. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver by promoting the breakdown of glycogen stores into glucose. Insulin, choice A, actually inhibits gluconeogenesis by promoting glucose uptake and storage. Growth hormone, choice B, primarily affects protein synthesis and growth rather than directly stimulating gluconeogenesis. Estrogen, choice D, is not directly involved in regulating gluconeogenesis in the liver. Therefore, based on its specific function in promoting glucose production in the liver, glucagon is the correct answer.
The term catecholamine best describes drugs that are:
- A. Adrenergic receptor blockers
- B. Atropine-like in terms of their mechanisms and sites of action
- C. Classified like neostigmine and physostigmine
- D. Similar to adrenaline and noradrenaline in terms of structure and major pharmacologic properties
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because catecholamines are structurally similar to adrenaline and noradrenaline, sharing a catechol nucleus and amine group. This similarity allows them to exert similar pharmacologic effects such as increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Adrenergic receptor blockers (A) inhibit the action of catecholamines, atropine-like drugs (B) block muscarinic receptors, and neostigmine and physostigmine (C) are cholinesterase inhibitors, not catecholamines.
Priority Decision: A patient with diabetes calls the clinic because she is experiencing nausea and flu-like symptoms. Which advice from the nurse will be the best for this patient?
- A. Administer the usual insulin dosage.
- B. Hold fluid intake until the nausea subsides.
- C. Come to the clinic immediately for evaluation and treatment.
- D. Monitor the blood glucose every 1 to 2 hours and call if it rises over 150 mg/dL (8.3 mmol/L).
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Illness can cause blood glucose to rise, so the patient should monitor frequently and report if glucose levels exceed 150 mg/dL.
A 32-year-old woman presents with a blood pressure of 155/96 mm Hg. In response to questioning, she admits that she loves licorice and eats some at least three times a week. She probably has a low level of
- A. type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
- B. ACTH
- C. 11β-hydroxylase activity
- D. glucocorticoid transferase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Licorice contains glycyrrhizin, which inhibits this enzyme, leading to increased levels of cortisol and mineralocorticoids. This explains the elevated blood pressure in the patient. Choice B, ACTH, is incorrect because licorice consumption does not directly affect ACTH levels. Choice C, 11β-hydroxylase activity, is incorrect as licorice does not impact this enzyme directly. Choice D, glucocorticoid transferase, is also incorrect as licorice does not affect this enzyme's activity.
Which of the Following Endocrine Glands Contributes to Setting the Body's Biological Clock?
- A. Pituitary gland
- B. Pineal gland
- C. Thymus gland
- D. Adrenal gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pineal gland. The pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates the body's sleep-wake cycle, thus contributing to setting the body's biological clock. This gland responds to light and darkness, helping to synchronize our internal clock with the day-night cycle. The pituitary gland (A) regulates various hormones but not specifically the biological clock. The thymus gland (C) is responsible for immune function, not the biological clock. The adrenal gland (D) secretes hormones related to stress response, not the biological clock. In summary, the pineal gland is key in regulating the body's biological clock through melatonin secretion, making it the correct choice.