Nokea
Which of the following symptoms of diabetes mellitus is correctly matched to its description?
- A. polyuria - excessive thirst
- B. polyphagia - excessive ketones in the blood
- C. polydipsia - excessive urine
- D. glycosuria - excessive sugar in the urine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, glycosuria - excessive sugar in the urine. In diabetes mellitus, high blood sugar levels lead to glucose spilling into the urine, causing glycosuria. Polyuria (excessive urine) is due to the kidneys trying to eliminate the excess glucose. Polyphagia (excessive hunger) results from cells not receiving enough glucose for energy. Polydipsia (excessive thirst) occurs as a result of dehydration from polyuria. Choice D is correct as it directly relates to the presence of sugar in the urine, a hallmark symptom of diabetes mellitus.
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Steroid hormones:
- A. require a second messenger.
- B. are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- C. are secreted by the posterior pituitary.
- D. are secreted by the pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. This is supported by the understanding of endocrine gland functions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because steroid hormones do not require a second messenger, are not secreted by the posterior pituitary, and are not secreted by the pancreas. Understanding the specific glands and their hormone production is crucial in selecting the correct answer.
When caring for a patient with primary hyperaldosteronism, the nurse would question a health care provider's prescription for which drug?
- A. Furosemide (Lasix)
- B. Spironolactone (Aldactone)
- C. Amiloride (Midamor)
- D. Aminoglutethimide (Cytadren)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Furosemide (Lasix) is a diuretic that can exacerbate hypokalemia, which is already a concern in primary hyperaldosteronism. Spironolactone, Amiloride, and Aminoglutethimide can be more appropriate for managing the condition.
All but one of the following compounds releases large amounts of energy on breakdown:
- A. cAMP
- B. ATP
- C. creatine phosphate
- D. ADP
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cAMP. cAMP, or cyclic adenosine monophosphate, does not release large amounts of energy on breakdown compared to the other choices. Here's the rationale:
1. ATP (Choice B) is known as the energy currency of the cell and releases a significant amount of energy when broken down.
2. Creatine phosphate (Choice C) is a high-energy compound that can rapidly donate its phosphate group to regenerate ATP.
3. ADP (Choice D) releases energy when converted to ATP through phosphorylation.
4. cAMP (Choice A) is a secondary messenger involved in signal transduction and does not store or release energy like ATP or creatine phosphate.
Which gland secretes TSH, ACTH, and growth hormone?
- A. Neurohypophysis
- B. Pancreas
- C. Adrenal medulla
- D. Anterior pituitary gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, the anterior pituitary gland, because it secretes TSH, ACTH, and growth hormone. The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the adenohypophysis, and it plays a key role in regulating various bodily functions through the release of different hormones. The other choices are incorrect because the neurohypophysis (choice A) secretes hormones like oxytocin and vasopressin, the pancreas (choice B) secretes insulin and glucagon, and the adrenal medulla (choice C) secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Identify the hormone(s) produced by the hypothalamus.
- A. oxytocin
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. releasing and inhibiting hormones
- D. All of the above are all produced in the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the listed hormones are indeed produced by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are directly synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary for release. The hypothalamus also secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect on their own as they do not encompass all hormones produced by the hypothalamus.