Nokea
Which of the following is not under the direct control of the pituitary gland?
- A. Adrenal cortical secretion of glucocorticoid
- B. Parathyroid secretion of PTH
- C. Thyroid gland secretion of T3 and T4
- D. Ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The pituitary gland does not directly control the parathyroid gland secretion of PTH. The pituitary gland is responsible for secreting hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, such as adrenal cortex (A), thyroid gland (C), and ovaries (D). In contrast, the parathyroid gland is primarily regulated by the calcium levels in the blood, not directly by the pituitary gland. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are all glands whose secretions are directly controlled by the pituitary gland.
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Which endocrine gland is known as the master gland?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Liver
- C. Pancreas
- D. Pituitary
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is known as the master gland because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands in the body by secreting various hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, and other essential bodily functions. It is located at the base of the brain and plays a crucial role in maintaining hormonal balance.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Adrenal gland primarily regulates stress response and metabolism.
B: Liver is not an endocrine gland; it is involved in metabolism and detoxification.
C: Pancreas is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels through insulin and glucagon secretion but is not known as the master gland.
A 38-year-old man with galactorrhea is treated with bromocriptine, which eliminates the galactorrhea. The basis for the therapeutic action of bromocriptine is that it
- A. antagonizes the action of prolactin on the breast
- B. enhances the action of prolactin on the breast
- C. inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary
- D. inhibits prolactin release from the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist.
2. Dopamine inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary.
3. Galactorrhea is often caused by excess prolactin.
4. By inhibiting prolactin release, bromocriptine reduces prolactin levels and eliminates galactorrhea.
Summary:
A: Incorrect - Bromocriptine does not antagonize prolactin action.
B: Incorrect - Bromocriptine does not enhance prolactin action.
D: Incorrect - Prolactin is not released from the hypothalamus.
Nicotinic receptors are blocked by which of the following:
- A. Propranolol
- B. Trimetaphan
- C. Prazosin
- D. Pilocarpine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Trimetaphan. Nicotinic receptors are blocked by non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers like Trimetaphan. Propranolol (A) is a beta-blocker, Prazosin (C) is an alpha-1 blocker, and Pilocarpine (D) is a muscarinic agonist, none of which block nicotinic receptors. Therefore, Trimetaphan (B) is the only choice that directly blocks nicotinic receptors.
Which of the following is least descriptive of the hypothalamus?
- A. Secretes releasing hormones.
- B. Controls the secretion of the anterior pituitary gland.
- C. Secretes ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins.
- D. Synthesizes oxytocin and ADH.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the hypothalamus does not directly secrete ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins. It secretes releasing hormones that regulate the secretion of these hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. Choice A and B are correct because the hypothalamus does secrete releasing hormones and controls the anterior pituitary gland. Choice D is incorrect because the hypothalamus synthesizes oxytocin and ADH, which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
During care of the patient with SIADH, what should the nurse do?
- A. Monitor neurologic status at least every 2 hours.
- B. Teach the patient receiving treatment with diuretics to restrict sodium intake.
- C. Keep the head of the bed elevated to prevent antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release.
- D. Notify the health care provider if the patient's blood pressure decreases more than 20 mm Hg from baseline.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Frequent neurologic monitoring is essential for patients with SIADH due to the risk of cerebral edema from hyponatremia.