Nokea
Androgens are produced by the _______.
- A. ovaries.
- B. testes.
- C. hypothalamus.
- D. islets of Langerhans.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: testes. Androgens, such as testosterone, are male sex hormones primarily produced by the testes. The testes contain specialized cells called Leydig cells that secrete androgens. Ovaries (A) produce female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The hypothalamus (C) regulates hormone production through the pituitary gland but does not directly produce androgens. Islets of Langerhans (D) are clusters of cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin and glucagon, not androgens.
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A patient has a low serum T3 level. The health care provider orders measurement of the TSH level. If the TSH level is elevated, what does this indicate?
- A. The cause of the low T3 level is most likely primary hypothyroidism.
- B. The negative feedback system is failing to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland.
- C. The patient has an underactive thyroid gland that is not receiving TSH stimulation.
- D. Most likely there is a tumor on the anterior pituitary gland that is causing increased production of TSH.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Elevated TSH levels indicate that the thyroid gland is underactive and is not producing enough T3 and T4, characteristic of primary hypothyroidism.
Steatorrhoea occurs with all of the following EXCEPT:
- A. gastrinoma
- B. congenital defect in gastric lipase
- C. ileal disease with failure to reabsorb bile salts
- D. exocrine pancreatic disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because a congenital defect in gastric lipase would not lead to steatorrhoea. Gastrinoma, ileal disease with failure to reabsorb bile salts, and exocrine pancreatic disease can all cause steatorrhoea due to impaired fat digestion or absorption. Gastrinoma can lead to excessive acid production, which can interfere with fat digestion. Ileal disease can affect the reabsorption of bile salts necessary for fat digestion. Exocrine pancreatic disease can result in insufficient pancreatic enzymes needed for fat digestion. Therefore, choice B is the exception as it does not directly impact fat digestion or absorption.
All but one of the following compounds releases large amounts of energy on breakdown:
- A. cAMP
- B. ATP
- C. creatine phosphate
- D. ADP
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cAMP. cAMP, or cyclic adenosine monophosphate, does not release large amounts of energy on breakdown compared to the other choices. Here's the rationale:
1. ATP (Choice B) is known as the energy currency of the cell and releases a significant amount of energy when broken down.
2. Creatine phosphate (Choice C) is a high-energy compound that can rapidly donate its phosphate group to regenerate ATP.
3. ADP (Choice D) releases energy when converted to ATP through phosphorylation.
4. cAMP (Choice A) is a secondary messenger involved in signal transduction and does not store or release energy like ATP or creatine phosphate.
Through which opening does the food leave the stomach?
- A. The pyloric sphincter
- B. The ilea caecal valve
- C. The pelvic sphincter
- D. The pylorus sphincter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The pyloric sphincter. This is because the pyloric sphincter is the muscular valve located at the lower end of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food (chyme) into the small intestine. It regulates the release of food from the stomach into the duodenum for further digestion and absorption.
Summary of incorrect choices:
B: The ilea caecal valve - This valve is located between the ileum (part of the small intestine) and the cecum (part of the large intestine), not the stomach.
C: The pelvic sphincter - This sphincter is associated with the rectum and anus, not the stomach.
D: The pylorus sphincter - Similar to the correct answer, but the correct term is pyloric sphincter.
Which endocrine gland is known as the master gland?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Liver
- C. Pancreas
- D. Pituitary
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is known as the master gland because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands in the body by secreting various hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, and other essential bodily functions. It is located at the base of the brain and plays a crucial role in maintaining hormonal balance.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Adrenal gland primarily regulates stress response and metabolism.
B: Liver is not an endocrine gland; it is involved in metabolism and detoxification.
C: Pancreas is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels through insulin and glucagon secretion but is not known as the master gland.