Nokea
Which of the following has no muscarinic blocking activity:
- A. Amitriptyline
- B. Meperidine
- C. Ipratropium
- D. Edrophonium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Edrophonium. Edrophonium is a short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It does not possess muscarinic blocking activity, as its mechanism of action involves inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leading to increased acetylcholine levels at the neuromuscular junction. The other choices, Amitriptyline (A) is a tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic properties, Meperidine (B) has weak antimuscarinic effects, and Ipratropium (C) is an anticholinergic medication used in respiratory conditions. These choices exhibit muscarinic blocking activity, unlike Edrophonium.
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Selective beta2 stimulants frequently cause:
- A. Skeletal muscle tremors
- B. Tolerance
- C. Tachycardia
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Selective beta2 stimulants typically cause skeletal muscle tremors due to their action on beta2 receptors in skeletal muscles. They can also lead to tolerance with prolonged use, requiring higher doses for the same effect. Additionally, they can cause tachycardia by stimulating beta2 receptors in the heart. Therefore, all of the above choices (A, B, and C) are correct.
A patient with type 1 diabetes uses 20 U of 70/30 neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH/regular) in the morning and at 6:00 pm. When teaching the patient about this regimen, what should the nurse emphasize?
- A. Hypoglycemia is most likely to occur before the noon meal.
- B. Flexibility in food intake is possible because insulin is available 24 hours a day.
- C. A set meal pattern with a bedtime snack is necessary to prevent hypoglycemia.
- D. Premeal glucose checks are required to determine needed changes in daily dosing.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A set meal pattern with a bedtime snack is important to help prevent hypoglycemia, particularly with NPH insulin.
Identify the hormone(s) produced by the hypothalamus.
- A. oxytocin
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. releasing and inhibiting hormones
- D. All of the above are all produced in the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the listed hormones are indeed produced by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are directly synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary for release. The hypothalamus also secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect on their own as they do not encompass all hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
Parasympathomimetic drugs are drugs that:
- A. Inhibit muscarinic receptors
- B. Inhibit release of acetylcholine
- C. Inhibit adrenergic receptors
- D. Stimulate muscarinic receptors
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Stimulate muscarinic receptors. Parasympathomimetic drugs mimic the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system, which primarily uses acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors to produce its effects. By stimulating muscarinic receptors, these drugs enhance parasympathetic activity.
A, B, and C are incorrect:
A: Inhibiting muscarinic receptors would have the opposite effect of parasympathomimetic drugs.
B: Inhibiting the release of acetylcholine would also reduce parasympathetic activity.
C: Inhibiting adrenergic receptors pertains to the sympathetic nervous system, not the parasympathetic system targeted by parasympathomimetic drugs.
The rate of metabolism of all body cells is regulated by _______.
- A. parathyroid hormone
- B. aldosterone
- C. calcitonin
- D. thyroid hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating the rate of metabolism in all body cells by influencing the production of enzymes involved in energy production. It increases the body's metabolic rate, affecting processes such as heart rate, temperature regulation, and energy expenditure. Parathyroid hormone (A) regulates calcium levels, aldosterone (B) regulates electrolyte balance, and calcitonin (C) regulates calcium metabolism, but they do not directly influence overall metabolism rate in all body cells. Thyroid hormone is the primary hormone responsible for controlling metabolism throughout the body.