Nokea
With regard to carbohydrate digestion:
- A. salivary amylase works best at alkaline pH
- B. approximately 40% of adult Europeans are lactose intolerant
- C. oligosaccharidase deficiency results in osmotic diarrhoea
- D. salivary amylase continues to digest carbohydrates in the stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer C: Oligosaccharidase deficiency leads to osmotic diarrhea because the incomplete breakdown of oligosaccharides in the small intestine results in unabsorbed sugars attracting water, causing diarrhea. This is a direct consequence of the deficiency in enzymes responsible for breaking down oligosaccharides. This is why Choice C is correct.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Salivary amylase works best at a neutral pH of around 6.7, not alkaline pH.
B: Lactose intolerance is due to a deficiency in lactase enzyme, not related to carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine.
D: Salivary amylase is inactivated in the acidic environment of the stomach, so it does not continue to digest carbohydrates there.
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Which two elements react together to form an ionic compound?
- A. R and T
- B. T and X
- C. X and Z
- D. Z and R
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, X and Z. Ionic compounds are formed when a metal (X) reacts with a nonmetal (Z) by transferring electrons to achieve a stable octet configuration. Metal atoms tend to lose electrons to form positively charged cations, while nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons to form negatively charged anions. In this case, X (metal) and Z (nonmetal) will react to form an ionic compound through electron transfer. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not involve a metal-nonmetal combination, which is essential for the formation of an ionic compound.
Which gland secretes TSH, ACTH, and growth hormone?
- A. Neurohypophysis
- B. Pancreas
- C. Adrenal medulla
- D. Anterior pituitary gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, the anterior pituitary gland, because it secretes TSH, ACTH, and growth hormone. The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the adenohypophysis, and it plays a key role in regulating various bodily functions through the release of different hormones. The other choices are incorrect because the neurohypophysis (choice A) secretes hormones like oxytocin and vasopressin, the pancreas (choice B) secretes insulin and glucagon, and the adrenal medulla (choice C) secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Myxedema, Graves’ disease, and cretinism are:
- A. hypothyroid disorders.
- B. due to a deficiency of TSH.
- C. disorders of the thyroid gland.
- D. best treated with T3 and/or T4.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Myxedema, Graves' disease, and cretinism are all disorders directly related to the thyroid gland, involving either hypo or hyperactivity. Myxedema and cretinism are hypothyroid disorders, while Graves' disease is a hyperthyroid disorder. Thus, the correct answer is C. Choice A is incorrect as Graves' disease is a hyperthyroid disorder. Choice B is incorrect as these disorders are not solely due to a deficiency of TSH. Choice D is incorrect as treatment can vary depending on the specific disorder and may not always involve T3 and/or T4.
Regarding iron:
- A. it is more readily absorbed in the ferric form
- B. men lose about 0.6mg/d
- C. average daily iron intake is 40mg
- D. ascorbic acid reduces iron absorption
Correct Answer: B
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What significant side effect of terazosin should the doctor warn a 69-year-old male patient about?
- A. Bronchospasm
- B. Postural hypotension
- C. Heart failure
- D. Sedation
Correct Answer: B
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