Nokea
As plasma levels of calcium decrease:
- A. insulin is secreted.
- B. the parathyroid glands secrete an osteoclastic hormone.
- C. the kidneys excrete calcium and phosphorus.
- D. calcitonin is secreted.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because as plasma levels of calcium decrease, the parathyroid glands secrete an osteoclastic hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH acts to increase calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones via osteoclasts. Insulin secretion (choice A) is not directly related to calcium levels. The kidneys excreting calcium and phosphorus (choice C) would further decrease calcium levels. Calcitonin (choice D) actually decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown, so it is not secreted when calcium levels decrease.
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Androgens are produced by the _______.
- A. ovaries.
- B. testes.
- C. hypothalamus.
- D. islets of Langerhans.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: testes. Androgens, such as testosterone, are male sex hormones primarily produced by the testes. The testes contain specialized cells called Leydig cells that secrete androgens. Ovaries (A) produce female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The hypothalamus (C) regulates hormone production through the pituitary gland but does not directly produce androgens. Islets of Langerhans (D) are clusters of cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin and glucagon, not androgens.
What is a cause of primary hypothyroidism in adults?
- A. Malignant or benign thyroid nodules
- B. Surgical removal or failure of the pituitary gland
- C. Surgical removal or radiation of the thyroid gland
- D. Autoimmune-induced atrophy of the thyroid gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Primary hypothyroidism in adults is commonly caused by autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, which leads to thyroid tissue destruction.
With regard to carbohydrate digestion:
- A. salivary amylase works best at alkaline pH
- B. approximately 40% of adult Europeans are lactose intolerant
- C. oligosaccharidase deficiency results in osmotic diarrhoea
- D. salivary amylase continues to digest carbohydrates in the stomach
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer C: Oligosaccharidase deficiency leads to osmotic diarrhea because the incomplete breakdown of oligosaccharides in the small intestine results in unabsorbed sugars attracting water, causing diarrhea. This is a direct consequence of the deficiency in enzymes responsible for breaking down oligosaccharides. This is why Choice C is correct.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Salivary amylase works best at a neutral pH of around 6.7, not alkaline pH.
B: Lactose intolerance is due to a deficiency in lactase enzyme, not related to carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine.
D: Salivary amylase is inactivated in the acidic environment of the stomach, so it does not continue to digest carbohydrates there.
Which is NOT part of the normal content of gastric juice?
- A. HPO42-
- B. mucus
- C. lipase
- D. amylase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: amylase. Gastric juice primarily consists of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus. Amylase is an enzyme produced in the pancreas, not in the stomach. It functions in the small intestine to break down carbohydrates. Therefore, amylase is not a normal component of gastric juice. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because HPO42- (phosphate ions), mucus, and lipase are all typically found in gastric juice.
When caring for a patient with primary hyperaldosteronism, the nurse would question a health care provider's prescription for which drug?
- A. Furosemide (Lasix)
- B. Spironolactone (Aldactone)
- C. Amiloride (Midamor)
- D. Aminoglutethimide (Cytadren)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Furosemide (Lasix) is a diuretic that can exacerbate hypokalemia, which is already a concern in primary hyperaldosteronism. Spironolactone, Amiloride, and Aminoglutethimide can be more appropriate for managing the condition.