Nokea
The nurse reviews the function of thyroid gland hormones. What is the primary function of calcitonin?
- A. Sodium and potassium balance
- B. Magnesium balance
- C. Norepinephrine balance
- D. Calcium and phosphorus balance
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The primary function of calcitonin is to regulate calcium and phosphorus balance in the body. Calcitonin works to decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown and increasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. This helps maintain the overall balance of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with the known function of calcitonin. Sodium and potassium balance, magnesium balance, and norepinephrine balance are not directly influenced by calcitonin.
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Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary gland?
- A. Antidiuretic hormone
- B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- C. Parathyroid hormone
- D. Prolactin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary and plays a key role in regulating water balance in the body.
Regarding iron:
- A. it is more readily absorbed in the ferric form
- B. men lose about 0.6mg/d
- C. average daily iron intake is 40mg
- D. ascorbic acid reduces iron absorption
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because men lose about 0.6mg of iron per day through various physiological processes like shedding skin cells and hair. This loss must be replenished through dietary intake to maintain iron balance. Choice A is incorrect as iron is more readily absorbed in the ferrous form. Choice C is incorrect as the average daily iron intake is around 18mg. Choice D is incorrect ascorbic acid enhances iron absorption rather than reducing it.
The term catecholamine best describes drugs that are:
- A. Adrenergic receptor blockers
- B. Atropine-like in terms of their mechanisms and sites of action
- C. Classified like neostigmine and physostigmine
- D. Similar to adrenaline and noradrenaline in terms of structure and major pharmacologic properties
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because catecholamines are structurally similar to adrenaline and noradrenaline, sharing a catechol nucleus and amine group. This similarity allows them to exert similar pharmacologic effects such as increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Adrenergic receptor blockers (A) inhibit the action of catecholamines, atropine-like drugs (B) block muscarinic receptors, and neostigmine and physostigmine (C) are cholinesterase inhibitors, not catecholamines.
The rate of metabolism of all body cells is regulated by _______.
- A. parathyroid hormone
- B. aldosterone
- C. calcitonin
- D. thyroid hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating the rate of metabolism in all body cells by influencing the production of enzymes involved in energy production. It increases the body's metabolic rate, affecting processes such as heart rate, temperature regulation, and energy expenditure. Parathyroid hormone (A) regulates calcium levels, aldosterone (B) regulates electrolyte balance, and calcitonin (C) regulates calcium metabolism, but they do not directly influence overall metabolism rate in all body cells. Thyroid hormone is the primary hormone responsible for controlling metabolism throughout the body.
Identify the hormone(s) produced by the hypothalamus.
- A. oxytocin
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. releasing and inhibiting hormones
- D. All of the above are all produced in the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the listed hormones are indeed produced by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are directly synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary for release. The hypothalamus also secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect on their own as they do not encompass all hormones produced by the hypothalamus.