Nokea
Which change in vital signs would you instruct a nursing assistant to report immediately for a patient with hyperthyroidism?
- A. Increased and rapid heart rate
- B. Decreased systolic blood pressure
- C. Increased respiratory rate
- D. Decreased oral temperature
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Increased and rapid heart rate is a critical sign of hyperthyroidism and requires immediate reporting, as it could indicate an exacerbation of the condition or potential complications.
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Identify the glands that secrete these hormones: glucagon, PTH, and TSH.
- A. Neurohypophysis, pancreas, ovary
- B. Adrenal cortex, pancreas, neurohypophysis
- C. Pancreas, parathyroid, anterior pituitary
- D. Testes, thymus, adenohypophysis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (Pancreas, parathyroid, anterior pituitary) because glucagon is secreted by the pancreas, PTH (parathyroid hormone) is secreted by the parathyroid glands, and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Choice A (Neurohypophysis, pancreas, ovary) is incorrect because the neurohypophysis secretes oxytocin and ADH, not glucagon, PTH, or TSH. The ovary does not secrete any of these hormones.
Choice B (Adrenal cortex, pancreas, neurohypophysis) is incorrect because the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and aldosterone, not glucagon, PTH, or TSH. The neurohypophysis secretes oxytocin and ADH, not the hormones in question.
Choice D (Testes, thymus, adenohypophysis
A patient has a low serum T3 level. The health care provider orders measurement of the TSH level. If the TSH level is elevated, what does this indicate?
- A. The cause of the low T3 level is most likely primary hypothyroidism.
- B. The negative feedback system is failing to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland.
- C. The patient has an underactive thyroid gland that is not receiving TSH stimulation.
- D. Most likely there is a tumor on the anterior pituitary gland that is causing increased production of TSH.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Elevated TSH levels indicate that the thyroid gland is underactive and is not producing enough T3 and T4, characteristic of primary hypothyroidism.
Which gland controls basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
- A. Parathyroid
- B. Pancreas
- C. Testes
- D. Thyroid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Thyroid. The thyroid gland produces hormones T3 and T4, which regulate the body's metabolism, including the basal metabolic rate (BMR). These hormones play a crucial role in controlling how the body uses energy. The other choices, A: Parathyroid, B: Pancreas, and C: Testes, do not directly regulate BMR. Parathyroid regulates calcium levels, pancreas regulates blood sugar levels, and testes produce hormones related to male reproductive functions. Thyroid is the only gland among the choices that specifically controls BMR through its hormone production.
Through which opening does the food leave the stomach?
- A. The pyloric sphincter
- B. The ilea caecal valve
- C. The pelvic sphincter
- D. The pylorus sphincter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The pyloric sphincter. This is because the pyloric sphincter is the muscular valve located at the lower end of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food (chyme) into the small intestine. It regulates the release of food from the stomach into the duodenum for further digestion and absorption.
Summary of incorrect choices:
B: The ilea caecal valve - This valve is located between the ileum (part of the small intestine) and the cecum (part of the large intestine), not the stomach.
C: The pelvic sphincter - This sphincter is associated with the rectum and anus, not the stomach.
D: The pylorus sphincter - Similar to the correct answer, but the correct term is pyloric sphincter.
Which layer of cervical fascia forms the false capsule of thyroid gland?
- A. Carotid sheath
- B. Investing layer
- C. Pretracheal fascia
- D. Prevertebral fascia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pretracheal fascia. This layer surrounds the thyroid gland, forming the false capsule. It separates the thyroid from the strap muscles anteriorly and the trachea and esophagus posteriorly. The Carotid sheath (A) encloses the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve. The Investing layer (B) covers the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The Prevertebral fascia (D) surrounds the vertebral column and deep neck muscles, not directly related to the thyroid gland.