Nokea
The endocrine system works together with the ________ system to maintain the body’s equilibrium?
- A. digestive system
- B. nervous system
- C. respiratory system
- D. reproductive system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: nervous system. The endocrine system and nervous system work together in maintaining the body's equilibrium through communication and regulation of bodily functions. The nervous system controls rapid responses, while the endocrine system regulates slower, long-term responses through hormones. The digestive system (A) primarily focuses on breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. The respiratory system (C) is responsible for gas exchange. The reproductive system (D) is involved in reproduction and hormone production, but not in maintaining the body's equilibrium.
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Through which opening does the food leave the stomach?
- A. The pyloric sphincter
- B. The ilea caecal valve
- C. The pelvic sphincter
- D. The pylorus sphincter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The pyloric sphincter. This is because the pyloric sphincter is the muscular valve located at the lower end of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food (chyme) into the small intestine. It regulates the release of food from the stomach into the duodenum for further digestion and absorption.
Summary of incorrect choices:
B: The ilea caecal valve - This valve is located between the ileum (part of the small intestine) and the cecum (part of the large intestine), not the stomach.
C: The pelvic sphincter - This sphincter is associated with the rectum and anus, not the stomach.
D: The pylorus sphincter - Similar to the correct answer, but the correct term is pyloric sphincter.
Adam has just been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. The most common presenting sign is:
- A. Body wasting.
- B. Hyperglycemia.
- C. Hypoglycemia.
- D. Increase in urination.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The hallmark symptom of diabetes insipidus is polyuria (excessive urination), which occurs due to the kidney's inability to concentrate urine.
A 32-year-old woman presents with a blood pressure of 155/96 mm Hg. In response to questioning, she admits that she loves licorice and eats some at least three times a week. She probably has a low level of
- A. type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
- B. ACTH
- C. 11β-hydroxylase activity
- D. glucocorticoid transferase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Licorice contains glycyrrhizin, which inhibits this enzyme, leading to increased levels of cortisol and mineralocorticoids. This explains the elevated blood pressure in the patient. Choice B, ACTH, is incorrect because licorice consumption does not directly affect ACTH levels. Choice C, 11β-hydroxylase activity, is incorrect as licorice does not impact this enzyme directly. Choice D, glucocorticoid transferase, is also incorrect as licorice does not affect this enzyme's activity.
Identify the hormone(s) produced by the hypothalamus.
- A. oxytocin
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. releasing and inhibiting hormones
- D. All of the above are all produced in the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the listed hormones are indeed produced by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are directly synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary for release. The hypothalamus also secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect on their own as they do not encompass all hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
The binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor would lead to the __________.
- A. transcription of the DNA for the gene that is 'turned on' by this event
- B. direct activation of second-messenger agents in the cell
- C. direct activation of enzymes in the cell
- D. formation of cAMP
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor triggers a series of events that ultimately lead to the transcription of DNA for the gene that is 'turned on'. This process involves the hormone-receptor complex entering the nucleus, binding to specific DNA sequences, recruiting transcription factors, and initiating gene expression.
Choice B is incorrect because steroid hormones do not typically use second messengers for signaling. Choice C is incorrect because while some hormones can activate enzymes indirectly, steroid hormones primarily act through gene transcription. Choice D is incorrect because cAMP is typically associated with signaling pathways involving non-steroid hormones like adrenaline.