Nokea
What is the distance travelled by the car in the 20 s shown?
- A. 80 m
- B. 100 m
- C. 160 m
- D. 200 m
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 160 m. To calculate distance traveled, we use the formula: distance = speed x time. In this case, the speed of the car is 8 m/s (given in the graph) and the time is 20 s. Therefore, distance = 8 m/s x 20 s = 160 m. Choice A is incorrect as it is too low. Choice B is incorrect as it does not account for the full 20 s. Choice D is incorrect as it is too high based on the given speed and time.
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Selective beta2 stimulants frequently cause:
- A. Skeletal muscle tremors
- B. Tolerance
- C. Tachycardia
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Selective beta2 stimulants typically cause skeletal muscle tremors due to their action on beta2 receptors in skeletal muscles. They can also lead to tolerance with prolonged use, requiring higher doses for the same effect. Additionally, they can cause tachycardia by stimulating beta2 receptors in the heart. Therefore, all of the above choices (A, B, and C) are correct.
The binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor would lead to the __________.
- A. transcription of the DNA for the gene that is 'turned on' by this event
- B. direct activation of second-messenger agents in the cell
- C. direct activation of enzymes in the cell
- D. formation of cAMP
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the binding of a steroid hormone to its receptor triggers a series of events that ultimately lead to the transcription of DNA for the gene that is 'turned on'. This process involves the hormone-receptor complex entering the nucleus, binding to specific DNA sequences, recruiting transcription factors, and initiating gene expression.
Choice B is incorrect because steroid hormones do not typically use second messengers for signaling. Choice C is incorrect because while some hormones can activate enzymes indirectly, steroid hormones primarily act through gene transcription. Choice D is incorrect because cAMP is typically associated with signaling pathways involving non-steroid hormones like adrenaline.
Adam has just been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. The most common presenting sign is:
- A. Body wasting.
- B. Hyperglycemia.
- C. Hypoglycemia.
- D. Increase in urination.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The hallmark symptom of diabetes insipidus is polyuria (excessive urination), which occurs due to the kidney's inability to concentrate urine.
Which of the following has no muscarinic blocking activity:
- A. Amitriptyline
- B. Meperidine
- C. Ipratropium
- D. Edrophonium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Edrophonium. Edrophonium is a short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It does not possess muscarinic blocking activity, as its mechanism of action involves inhibition of acetylcholinesterase leading to increased acetylcholine levels at the neuromuscular junction. The other choices, Amitriptyline (A) is a tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic properties, Meperidine (B) has weak antimuscarinic effects, and Ipratropium (C) is an anticholinergic medication used in respiratory conditions. These choices exhibit muscarinic blocking activity, unlike Edrophonium.
Which is NOT part of the normal content of gastric juice?
- A. HPO42-
- B. mucus
- C. lipase
- D. amylase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: amylase. Gastric juice primarily consists of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus. Amylase is an enzyme produced in the pancreas, not in the stomach. It functions in the small intestine to break down carbohydrates. Therefore, amylase is not a normal component of gastric juice. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because HPO42- (phosphate ions), mucus, and lipase are all typically found in gastric juice.