Nokea
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
- A. enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary
- B. enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary
- C. travel by arteries to the pituitary
- D. first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hormones from the hypothalamus first enter the hypophyseal portal system before reaching the pituitary gland. This system allows direct communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, enabling precise control over hormone release. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the normal pathway of hormone regulation from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland. Option A is incorrect as hormones do not travel to the heart before reaching the pituitary. Option B is incorrect because hormones do not enter the hepatic portal system to reach the pituitary. Option C is incorrect as hormones do not travel to the pituitary through arteries.
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Androgens are produced by the _______.
- A. ovaries.
- B. testes.
- C. hypothalamus.
- D. islets of Langerhans.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: testes. Androgens, such as testosterone, are male sex hormones primarily produced by the testes. The testes contain specialized cells called Leydig cells that secrete androgens. Ovaries (A) produce female sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The hypothalamus (C) regulates hormone production through the pituitary gland but does not directly produce androgens. Islets of Langerhans (D) are clusters of cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin and glucagon, not androgens.
Identify the glands that secrete these hormones: glucagon, PTH, and TSH.
- A. Neurohypophysis, pancreas, ovary
- B. Adrenal cortex, pancreas, neurohypophysis
- C. Pancreas, parathyroid, anterior pituitary
- D. Testes, thymus, adenohypophysis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (Pancreas, parathyroid, anterior pituitary) because glucagon is secreted by the pancreas, PTH (parathyroid hormone) is secreted by the parathyroid glands, and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Choice A (Neurohypophysis, pancreas, ovary) is incorrect because the neurohypophysis secretes oxytocin and ADH, not glucagon, PTH, or TSH. The ovary does not secrete any of these hormones.
Choice B (Adrenal cortex, pancreas, neurohypophysis) is incorrect because the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and aldosterone, not glucagon, PTH, or TSH. The neurohypophysis secretes oxytocin and ADH, not the hormones in question.
Choice D (Testes, thymus, adenohypophysis
Which of the following glands can be classified as an endocrine and exocrine gland?
- A. Thyroid
- B. Thymus
- C. Pancreas
- D. Pituitary
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It secretes digestive enzymes (exocrine function) into the small intestine to aid in digestion, and it also releases hormones like insulin and glucagon (endocrine function) into the bloodstream to regulate blood sugar levels.
Rationale:
1. The thyroid gland (choice A) is solely an endocrine gland responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism.
2. The thymus gland (choice B) is primarily an endocrine gland involved in immune function, producing hormones that regulate T cell development.
3. The pituitary gland (choice D) is known as the master gland and is purely endocrine, controlling various hormonal functions in the body.
In summary, the pancreas uniquely exhibits both endocrine and exocrine functions, making it the correct choice.
What is the distance travelled by the car in the 20 s shown?
- A. 80 m
- B. 100 m
- C. 160 m
- D. 200 m
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 160 m. To calculate distance traveled, we use the formula: distance = speed x time. In this case, the speed of the car is 8 m/s (given in the graph) and the time is 20 s. Therefore, distance = 8 m/s x 20 s = 160 m. Choice A is incorrect as it is too low. Choice B is incorrect as it does not account for the full 20 s. Choice D is incorrect as it is too high based on the given speed and time.
Identify functions of calcium within the body.
- A. Clotting
- B. Hardens bone
- C. Nerve conduction and muscle contraction
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because calcium plays essential roles in clotting, bone health, nerve conduction, and muscle contraction. Calcium is crucial for the coagulation cascade in clotting, is a key component of bone mineralization, is required for neurotransmitter release in nerve conduction, and is involved in muscle contraction by regulating the interactions between actin and myosin. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect individually because they only represent some of the functions of calcium, whereas choice D encompasses all the vital functions of calcium in the body.