Nokea
Which of the following is least descriptive of the hypothalamus?
- A. Secretes releasing hormones.
- B. Controls the secretion of the anterior pituitary gland.
- C. Secretes ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins.
- D. Synthesizes oxytocin and ADH.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the hypothalamus does not directly secrete ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins. It secretes releasing hormones that regulate the secretion of these hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. Choice A and B are correct because the hypothalamus does secrete releasing hormones and controls the anterior pituitary gland. Choice D is incorrect because the hypothalamus synthesizes oxytocin and ADH, which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
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Which two elements react together to form an ionic compound?
- A. R and T
- B. T and X
- C. X and Z
- D. Z and R
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, X and Z. Ionic compounds are formed when a metal (X) reacts with a nonmetal (Z) by transferring electrons to achieve a stable octet configuration. Metal atoms tend to lose electrons to form positively charged cations, while nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons to form negatively charged anions. In this case, X (metal) and Z (nonmetal) will react to form an ionic compound through electron transfer. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not involve a metal-nonmetal combination, which is essential for the formation of an ionic compound.
Which tracheal rings are generally related to isthmus?
- A. 1st and 2nd
- B. 1st, 2nd and 3rd
- C. 2nd and 3rd
- D. 2nd, 3rd and 4th
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
The isthmus of the thyroid gland is located between the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings. These rings provide support to the trachea and help maintain its shape. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
Summary of other choices:
A: 1st and 2nd - Incorrect, as the isthmus is not related to the 1st tracheal ring.
B: 1st, 2nd and 3rd - Incorrect, as the isthmus is only between the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings.
D: 2nd, 3rd and 4th - Incorrect, as the isthmus does not extend to the 4th tracheal ring.
Which of the following is not under the direct control of the pituitary gland?
- A. Adrenal cortical secretion of glucocorticoid
- B. Parathyroid secretion of PTH
- C. Thyroid gland secretion of T3 and T4
- D. Ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The pituitary gland does not directly control the parathyroid gland secretion of PTH. The pituitary gland is responsible for secreting hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, such as adrenal cortex (A), thyroid gland (C), and ovaries (D). In contrast, the parathyroid gland is primarily regulated by the calcium levels in the blood, not directly by the pituitary gland. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are all glands whose secretions are directly controlled by the pituitary gland.
If growth hormone is overproduced in the adult, what is the resulting condition called?
- A. pituitary dwarfism
- B. gigantism
- C. acromegaly
- D. myxedema
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: acromegaly. In adults, overproduction of growth hormone leads to acromegaly, characterized by enlarged bones and tissues. Pituitary dwarfism (choice A) results from growth hormone deficiency. Gigantism (choice B) occurs when excess growth hormone is produced before epiphyseal plate closure in children. Myxedema (choice D) is associated with hypothyroidism, not growth hormone overproduction. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the condition resulting from excessive growth hormone in adults.
A patient presents with a bump on his neck. Upon taking a tissue sample, there appears to be parafollicular cells. The tumor is also associated with MEN II, although most of the time it is sporadic. What is the best way to moniter treatment?
- A. Measure Thyroid Hormone Levels
- B. Measure Iodine Levels
- C. Measure Tsh Levels
- D. Measure Calcitonin Levels
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale: The parafollicular cells in the tissue sample indicate a tumor of the thyroid gland, likely medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type II (MEN II). MTC primarily secretes calcitonin. Monitoring Calcitonin levels is crucial for assessing disease progression and treatment response in MTC. Measuring Thyroid Hormone Levels (A) would not be specific for MTC. Iodine Levels (B) are not relevant in this context. TSH Levels (C) reflect pituitary feedback and are not specific to MTC. Therefore, the best way to monitor treatment in this case is to measure Calcitonin Levels (D).