Nokea
Steroid hormones:
- A. require a second messenger.
- B. are secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- C. are secreted by the posterior pituitary.
- D. are secreted by the pancreas.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is responsible for producing steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. This is supported by the understanding of endocrine gland functions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because steroid hormones do not require a second messenger, are not secreted by the posterior pituitary, and are not secreted by the pancreas. Understanding the specific glands and their hormone production is crucial in selecting the correct answer.
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If growth hormone is overproduced in the adult, what is the resulting condition called?
- A. pituitary dwarfism
- B. gigantism
- C. acromegaly
- D. myxedema
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: acromegaly. In adults, overproduction of growth hormone leads to acromegaly, characterized by enlarged bones and tissues. Pituitary dwarfism (choice A) results from growth hormone deficiency. Gigantism (choice B) occurs when excess growth hormone is produced before epiphyseal plate closure in children. Myxedema (choice D) is associated with hypothyroidism, not growth hormone overproduction. Therefore, choice C is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the condition resulting from excessive growth hormone in adults.
A 32-year-old woman presents with a blood pressure of 155/96 mm Hg. In response to questioning, she admits that she loves licorice and eats some at least three times a week. She probably has a low level of
- A. type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity
- B. ACTH
- C. 11β-hydroxylase activity
- D. glucocorticoid transferase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Licorice contains glycyrrhizin, which inhibits this enzyme, leading to increased levels of cortisol and mineralocorticoids. This explains the elevated blood pressure in the patient. Choice B, ACTH, is incorrect because licorice consumption does not directly affect ACTH levels. Choice C, 11β-hydroxylase activity, is incorrect as licorice does not impact this enzyme directly. Choice D, glucocorticoid transferase, is also incorrect as licorice does not affect this enzyme's activity.
Through which opening does the food leave the stomach?
- A. The pyloric sphincter
- B. The ilea caecal valve
- C. The pelvic sphincter
- D. The pylorus sphincter
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The pyloric sphincter. This is because the pyloric sphincter is the muscular valve located at the lower end of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food (chyme) into the small intestine. It regulates the release of food from the stomach into the duodenum for further digestion and absorption.
Summary of incorrect choices:
B: The ilea caecal valve - This valve is located between the ileum (part of the small intestine) and the cecum (part of the large intestine), not the stomach.
C: The pelvic sphincter - This sphincter is associated with the rectum and anus, not the stomach.
D: The pylorus sphincter - Similar to the correct answer, but the correct term is pyloric sphincter.
A patient has a low serum T3 level. The health care provider orders measurement of the TSH level. If the TSH level is elevated, what does this indicate?
- A. The cause of the low T3 level is most likely primary hypothyroidism.
- B. The negative feedback system is failing to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland.
- C. The patient has an underactive thyroid gland that is not receiving TSH stimulation.
- D. Most likely there is a tumor on the anterior pituitary gland that is causing increased production of TSH.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Elevated TSH levels indicate that the thyroid gland is underactive and is not producing enough T3 and T4, characteristic of primary hypothyroidism.
Identify the hormone(s) produced by the hypothalamus.
- A. oxytocin
- B. antidiuretic hormone
- C. releasing and inhibiting hormones
- D. All of the above are all produced in the hypothalamus.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the listed hormones are indeed produced by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are directly synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary for release. The hypothalamus also secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. Therefore, choices A, B, and C are incorrect on their own as they do not encompass all hormones produced by the hypothalamus.