Nokea
A patient with type 1 diabetes uses 20 U of 70/30 neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH/regular) in the morning and at 6:00 pm. When teaching the patient about this regimen, what should the nurse emphasize?
- A. Hypoglycemia is most likely to occur before the noon meal.
- B. Flexibility in food intake is possible because insulin is available 24 hours a day.
- C. A set meal pattern with a bedtime snack is necessary to prevent hypoglycemia.
- D. Premeal glucose checks are required to determine needed changes in daily dosing.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A set meal pattern with a bedtime snack is important to help prevent hypoglycemia, particularly with NPH insulin.
You may also like to solve these questions
The rate of metabolism of all body cells is regulated by _______.
- A. parathyroid hormone
- B. aldosterone
- C. calcitonin
- D. thyroid hormone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating the rate of metabolism in all body cells by influencing the production of enzymes involved in energy production. It increases the body's metabolic rate, affecting processes such as heart rate, temperature regulation, and energy expenditure. Parathyroid hormone (A) regulates calcium levels, aldosterone (B) regulates electrolyte balance, and calcitonin (C) regulates calcium metabolism, but they do not directly influence overall metabolism rate in all body cells. Thyroid hormone is the primary hormone responsible for controlling metabolism throughout the body.
Difference Between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands is That
- A. Endocrine glands release hormones while exocrine glands release waste
- B. Endocrine glands are interconnected but exocrine glands are totally independent from each other.
- C. Endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, exocrine glands are connective tissues primarily
- D. Endocrine glands are ductless, exocrine glands release secretions into ducts or at the surface of the body
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts or onto the surface of the body. This key difference in how they release their products is essential in distinguishing between endocrine and exocrine glands.
A: Endocrine glands release hormones, not waste products.
B: The interconnection of glands is not a defining characteristic to differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands.
C: Endocrine glands are not exclusively formed by epithelial tissue, and exocrine glands are not solely connective tissues.
The term catecholamine best describes drugs that are:
- A. Adrenergic receptor blockers
- B. Atropine-like in terms of their mechanisms and sites of action
- C. Classified like neostigmine and physostigmine
- D. Similar to adrenaline and noradrenaline in terms of structure and major pharmacologic properties
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because catecholamines are structurally similar to adrenaline and noradrenaline, sharing a catechol nucleus and amine group. This similarity allows them to exert similar pharmacologic effects such as increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Adrenergic receptor blockers (A) inhibit the action of catecholamines, atropine-like drugs (B) block muscarinic receptors, and neostigmine and physostigmine (C) are cholinesterase inhibitors, not catecholamines.
Selective beta2 stimulants frequently cause:
- A. Skeletal muscle tremors
- B. Tolerance
- C. Tachycardia
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Selective beta2 stimulants typically cause skeletal muscle tremors due to their action on beta2 receptors in skeletal muscles. They can also lead to tolerance with prolonged use, requiring higher doses for the same effect. Additionally, they can cause tachycardia by stimulating beta2 receptors in the heart. Therefore, all of the above choices (A, B, and C) are correct.
All but one of the following compounds releases large amounts of energy on breakdown:
- A. cAMP
- B. ATP
- C. creatine phosphate
- D. ADP
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cAMP. cAMP, or cyclic adenosine monophosphate, does not release large amounts of energy on breakdown compared to the other choices. Here's the rationale:
1. ATP (Choice B) is known as the energy currency of the cell and releases a significant amount of energy when broken down.
2. Creatine phosphate (Choice C) is a high-energy compound that can rapidly donate its phosphate group to regenerate ATP.
3. ADP (Choice D) releases energy when converted to ATP through phosphorylation.
4. cAMP (Choice A) is a secondary messenger involved in signal transduction and does not store or release energy like ATP or creatine phosphate.