Nokea
Regarding the optic pathways
- A. Combined inferior rectus and superior oblique gives lateral gaze
- B. Abducent paralysis makes eye turn down and out
- C. Superior rectus makes eye turn up and out
- D. Trochlear paralysis, eye cannot look downwards when turned out
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The trochlear nerve (IV) innervates the superior oblique muscle, which depresses and abducts the eye. Paralysis of this nerve prevents downward gaze when the eye is turned inward.
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A lumbar puncture is performed on a child suspected of having bacterial meningitis. CSF is obtained for analysis. A nurse reviews the results of the CSF analysis and determines that which of the following results would verify the diagnosis?
- A. Cloudy CSF, decreased protein, and decreased glucose
- B. Cloudy CSF, elevated protein, and decreased glucose
- C. Clear CSF, elevated protein, and decreased glucose
- D. Clear CSF, decreased pressure, and elevated protein
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bacterial meningitis is characterized by cloudy CSF due to the presence of white blood cells, elevated protein levels, and decreased glucose levels. These findings result from the inflammatory response to bacterial infection in the meninges. Confirming these results is critical for initiating appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Executive Functions: involve problem-solving, planning, initiative, organising, and they monitor and inhibit complex behaviours. These functions are normally associated with which area of the brain?
- A. The neocortex.
- B. The corpus callosum.
- C. The cerebellum.
- D. The prefontal cortex.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The prefrontal cortex, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, is primarily responsible for executive functions such as problem-solving, planning, decision-making, and self-regulation. This brain region plays a critical role in coordinating complex cognitive processes and inhibiting inappropriate behaviors. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in significant impairments in executive functioning, leading to difficulties in managing daily tasks and adapting to new situations.
Damage to the hippocampus is most likely to impair:
- A. memory
- B. balance
- C. sleep
- D. breathing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The hippocampus is a brain structure critical for forming and retrieving memories, particularly long-term memories. Damage to the hippocampus, such as from injury or disease, can result in severe memory impairments, including the inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) or recall past events (retrograde amnesia). The hippocampus also plays a role in spatial navigation and contextual learning, making it essential for cognitive function.
Deuterium oxide and inulin are injected into a normal 30-year-old man. The volume of distribution of deuterium oxide is found to be 42 L and that of inulin 14 L.
- A. The man's intracellular fluid volume is about 14 L.
- B. The man's intracellular fluid volume is about 28 L.
- C. The man's plasma volume is about 7 L.
- D. The man's interstitial fluid volume is about 9 L.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Deuterium oxide distributes throughout total body water (TBW), while inulin distributes only in extracellular fluid (ECF). The intracellular fluid (ICF) volume is calculated as TBW - ECF. Here, TBW = 42 L and ECF = 14 L, so ICF = 42 - 14 = 28 L. This calculation is based on the principle that deuterium oxide measures all body water, while inulin is restricted to the extracellular compartment.
A patient reports sudden weakness on one side of their body. The nurse should:
- A. Perform a neurologic assessment focusing on motor function and sensation.
- B. Measure the patient's oxygen saturation.
- C. Inspect the patient's skin color.
- D. Check the patient's blood glucose levels.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Sudden weakness on one side of the body may indicate a neurological issue, such as a stroke. A focused neurologic assessment is essential. Oxygen saturation, skin color, and blood glucose levels are secondary considerations.