Nokea
Rickets is caused by a deficiency in what?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Folic acid and iron
- D. Vitamin D and calcium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fat-soluble vitamin D and calcium are necessary in adequate amounts to prevent rickets. No correlation exists between rickets and folic acid, iron, or vitamins A and C.
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The parent of an infant with colic tells the nurse, All this baby does is scream at me; it is a constant worry. What is the nurses best action?
- A. Encourage the parent to verbalize feelings.
- B. Encourage the parent not to worry so much.
- C. Assess the parent for other signs of inadequate parenting.
- D. Reassure the parent that colic rarely lasts past age 9 months.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Colic is multifactorial, and no single treatment is effective for all infants. The parent is verbalizing concern and worry. The nurse should allow the parent to put these feelings into words. An empathetic, gentle, and reassuring attitude, in addition to suggestions about remedies, will help alleviate the parents anxiety. The nurse should reassure the parent that he or she is not doing anything wrong. The infant with colic is experiencing spasmodic pain that is manifested by loud crying, in some cases up to 3 hours each day. Telling the parent that it will eventually go away does not help him or her through the current situation.
The parents of a 3-month-old infant report that their infant sleeps supine (face up) but is often prone (face down) while awake. The nurses response should be based on remembering what?
- A. This is acceptable to encourage head control and turning over.
- B. This is acceptable to encourage fine motor development.
- C. This is unacceptable because of the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
- D. This is unacceptable because it does not encourage achievement of developmental milestones.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: These parents are implementing the guidelines to reduce the risk of SIDS. Infants should sleep on their backs to reduce the risk of SIDS and then be placed on their abdomens when awake to enhance achievement of milestones such as head control. These position changes encourage gross motor, not fine motor, development.
A 1-year-old child is on a pure vegetarian (vegan) diet. This diet requires supplementation with what?
- A. Niacin
- B. Folic acid
- C. Vitamins D and B12
- D. Vitamins C and E
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pure vegetarian (vegan) diets eliminate any food of animal origin, including milk and eggs. These diets require supplementation with many vitamins, especially vitamin B6, vitamin B12, riboflavin, vitamin D, iron, and zinc. Niacin, folic acid, and vitamins C and E are readily obtainable from foods of vegetable origin.
The nurse is helping parents achieve a more nutritionally adequate vegetarian diet for their children. Which is most likely lacking in their particular diet?
- A. Fat
- B. Protein
- C. Vitamins C and A
- D. Iron and calcium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Deficiencies can occur when various substances in the diet interact with minerals. For example, iron, zinc, and calcium can form insoluble complexes with phytates or oxalates (substances found in plant proteins), which impair the bioavailability of the mineral. This type of interaction is important in vegetarian diets because plant foods such as soy are high in phytates. Fat and vitamins C and A are readily available from vegetable sources. Plant proteins are available.
A parent brings a 12-month-old infant into the emergency department and tells the nurse that the infant is allergic to peanuts and was accidentally given a cookie with peanuts in it. The infant is dyspneic, wheezing, and cyanotic. The health care provider has prescribed a dose of epinephrine to be administered. The infant weighs 24 lb. How many milligrams of epinephrine should be administered?
- A. 0.11 to 0.33 mg
- B. 0.011 to 0.3 mg
- C. 1.1 to 3.3 mg
- D. 11 to 33 mg
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct dose of epinephrine to use in the emergency management of an anaphylactic reaction is 0.001 mg/kg up to a maximum of 0.3 mg, giving a range of 0.011 to 0.3 mg using a weight of 11 kg (24 lb).