Nokea
Rod-shaped bacteria, some of which are endospore forming, are referred to as:
- A. cocci
- B. bacilli
- C. spirals
- D. vibrios
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria, some of which are endospore forming. Cocci are spherical, spirals are spiral-shaped, and vibrios are curved rod-shaped bacteria. Bacilli specifically refer to rod-shaped bacteria, making it the correct answer in this context.
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Which of the following bacteria is a common cause of pneumonia?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause pulmonary tuberculosis, which can present as pneumonia-like symptoms.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals.
Therefore, all three bacteria can cause pneumonia, making option D the correct choice. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because they each represent a bacterium that can cause pneumonia, so only selecting one of them would not encompass all common causes of pneumonia.
Which of the following is a primary function of bacterial capsules?
- A. Energy production
- B. Protection from desiccation
- C. Adhesion and immune evasion
- D. DNA replication
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Adhesion and immune evasion. Bacterial capsules serve as a protective layer that aids in adhesion to surfaces and host cells, allowing bacteria to colonize and evade the immune system. This function is crucial for bacterial survival and pathogenicity. Choices A and D are incorrect because energy production and DNA replication are not primary functions of bacterial capsules. Choice B is incorrect because while bacterial capsules do provide some protection from desiccation, their primary function lies in adhesion and immune evasion.
An inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication following a group A streptococcal infection is:
- A. endocarditis
- B. rheumatic fever
- C. nephritis
- D. cytomegalovirus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can occur as a complication following a group A streptococcal infection. This is known as a post-streptococcal complication. It typically affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain. Endocarditis (choice A) is also a complication of streptococcal infections, but it is an infection of the heart valves, not an inflammatory disease like rheumatic fever. Nephritis (choice C) is inflammation of the kidneys and is not directly related to streptococcal infections. Cytomegalovirus (choice D) is a different viral infection and is not associated with streptococcal infections.
Factors for transmission of nosocomial infections are:
- A. Medical dressings
- B. Breast milk
- C. Toys
- D. All are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the factors listed can contribute to the transmission of nosocomial infections. Medical dressings can harbor pathogens, breast milk can be a source of infection if not handled properly, and toys can serve as fomites for spreading germs. Choosing any other option would be incorrect as they all play a role in facilitating the transmission of nosocomial infections. It is important to consider all potential sources of infection in healthcare settings to effectively prevent the spread of nosocomial infections.
The Gram stain is used to differentiate bacteria based on:
- A. Cell shape
- B. Cell wall structure
- C. Flagella composition
- D. Nutrient requirements
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Gram stain differentiates bacteria based on cell wall structure. It classifies bacteria into Gram-positive (purple) and Gram-negative (pink) based on the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. This method helps in identifying the bacterial species and determining appropriate treatment. Option A (Cell shape) is incorrect because the Gram stain focuses on cell wall composition, not cell shape. Option C (Flagella composition) is incorrect as the Gram stain does not assess flagella. Option D (Nutrient requirements) is incorrect as it does not relate to the purpose of the Gram stain.