Nokea
The white pulp and red pulp are part of which immune organ:
- A. Thymus
- B. Lymph node
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymphoid tissue
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Spleen. The white pulp of the spleen contains lymphocytes that help in immune responses. The red pulp filters blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells. The thymus (A) is responsible for T cell maturation, lymph nodes (B) filter lymph, and lymphoid tissue (D) includes various lymphoid organs but does not specifically refer to the spleen's distinct white and red pulp structure. Thus, the spleen is the only organ among the choices that has both white and red pulp components essential for immune functions.
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By precipitation of tuberculin, a purified protein derivative (PPD) is obtained. It is used in:
- A. Mantoux test
- B. Schick test
- C. Dick test
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mantoux test. The Mantoux test is used to screen for tuberculosis by injecting PPD intradermally. The presence of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction indicates prior exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Schick test (B) is used to test for immunity to diphtheria, while the Dick test (C) is used to test for immunity to scarlet fever. Therefore, the correct use of PPD is in the Mantoux test for tuberculosis screening.
What would be the conclusion?
- A. The water is safe for consumption
- B. The water quality is doubtful
- C. The water quality is extremely doubtful
- D. The water is polluted
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice B being correct:
1. The conclusion should be based on evidence or observations.
2. "Doubtful" suggests uncertainty, indicating lack of definitive safety.
3. Choice A is too absolute without considering potential risks.
4. Choice C uses extreme language without proper evidence.
5. Choice D is overly definitive without considering varying levels of contamination. Therefore, choice B is the most reasonable conclusion.
Which bacteria produces an enterotoxin that causes diarrhea?
- A. Vibrio cholerae
- B. Clostridium botulinum
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vibrio cholerae. This bacterium produces the cholera toxin, an enterotoxin that causes profuse watery diarrhea by disrupting the normal function of the intestines. Vibrio cholerae is specifically known for causing cholera, a severe diarrheal disease. Clostridium botulinum (B) produces botulinum toxin, causing botulism (paralysis, not diarrhea). Escherichia coli (C) can produce enterotoxins, but the question specifies a specific enterotoxin causing diarrhea, which is not a characteristic of all strains of E. coli. Streptococcus pneumoniae (D) is a common cause of respiratory infections but does not produce an enterotoxin causing diarrhea.
When examining a patient presumptively diagnosed with food toxicoinfection, a doctor on duty has detected symptoms characteristic of botulism. The patient named the meals he ate the day before. What is the most probable cause of infection?
- A. Homemade canned meat
- B. Custard pastry from a private bakery
- C. Sour cream from a local dairy factory
- D. Strawberries from a suburban vegetable garden
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Homemade canned meat. Botulism is caused by the Clostridium botulinum bacteria, which thrives in low-oxygen environments like improperly canned food. Homemade canned meat poses a higher risk of contamination as it may not have been processed correctly, allowing the bacteria to grow and produce toxins. Custard pastry, sour cream, and strawberries are less likely to cause botulism as they are not typically associated with the bacteria unless improperly handled or stored. Homemade canned meat is the most probable cause based on the characteristic symptoms of botulism and the conditions that favor the growth of Clostridium botulinum in canned food.
Warts are commonly caused by the:
- A. human papillomavirus
- B. herpesvirus
- C. HIV
- D. varicella-zoster virus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Warts are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) due to its ability to infect the skin.
2. HPV infects the top layer of skin and causes the rapid growth of cells, leading to the formation of warts.
3. Herpesvirus (choice B) causes herpes, not warts.
4. HIV (choice C) weakens the immune system but does not directly cause warts.
5. Varicella-zoster virus (choice D) causes chickenpox and shingles, not warts.
Summary:
Choice A is correct as warts are primarily caused by HPV, which infects the skin cells. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are associated with different viral infections that do not lead to the development of warts.