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School phobia among kids may be a form of?
- A. Occurs every time when one is in a certain situation
- B. Occurs most of the time when one is in a specific situation
- C. Be unexpected
- D. Expected
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Be unexpected.' School phobia in children is often associated with separation anxiety disorder, leading to unexpected and intense fear or anxiety about attending school. Choices A and B are incorrect because school phobia does not necessarily occur every time or most of the time when in a specific situation; it is more about the unexpected fear related to attending school. Choice D is also incorrect because school phobia is characterized by an unexpected and overwhelming fear of school, not an expected or anticipated reaction.
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Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate doesn't think that Oliver's research will produce much useful information about human motivation because he believes that information from animal studies will not provide meaningful information about human experiences. Oliver's roommate apparently has?
- A. A humanistic perspective.
- B. An evolutionary perspective.
- C. A biological perspective.
- D. A cognitive perspective.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Oliver's roommate holds a humanistic perspective. This perspective emphasizes human uniqueness and may devalue information obtained from animal studies when studying human experiences. The humanistic perspective focuses on subjective experiences, free will, and personal growth, which aligns with his roommate's belief that animal studies won't provide meaningful information about human experiences. Choice B, an evolutionary perspective, would focus on the role of evolution in shaping behavior, not directly related to the roommate's view. Choices C and D, biological and cognitive perspectives respectively, do not directly address the roommate's skepticism toward using animal studies to understand human motivation.
Skinner would agree with all the following statements except:
- A. All behavior is governed by external consequences.
- B. Individuals have free will.
- C. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes.
- D. Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Skinner's behaviorist perspective emphasized that behavior is influenced by external factors and reinforcement, rather than individual free will. Therefore, Skinner would not agree with the statement that individuals have free will. Choices A, C, and D align with Skinner's beliefs as he believed that behavior is shaped by external consequences, organisms tend to repeat behaviors leading to positive outcomes, and organisms tend to avoid behaviors leading to neutral or negative outcomes.
Jason, a 4-year-old boy, believes that it gets cloudy and rainy every time he is sad. He concluded that his sadness is the cause of the bad weather. This tendency is known as?
- A. Irreversibility
- B. Centration
- C. Animism
- D. Transduction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Transduction. Transduction refers to when a child believes that their feelings or actions cause unrelated events, such as a child thinking their sadness causes rain. Choice A, Irreversibility, is incorrect as it relates to the belief that actions cannot be undone, which is more related to conservation tasks in Piaget's theory. Choice B, Centration, refers to the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation, overlooking other relevant aspects. Choice C, Animism, is the attribution of lifelike qualities to inanimate objects, which is not applicable in this scenario.
In an experiment, the investigators manipulate variables to learn how one affects another.?
- A. A data-collection method in which participants respond to questions
- B. The entire group that is of interest to a researcher
- C. A detailed description of a single culture or context
- D. A study that tests a causal hypothesis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because in an experimental design, investigators manipulate variables to determine the effect of one on another. This process allows researchers to test causal hypotheses by manipulating one variable while keeping others constant. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not directly relate to manipulating variables in an experiment.
Which of the following is true about subjective distress?
- A. All individuals with mental illness experience some degree of distress
- B. Distress is the only criterion in diagnosing abnormality
- C. Its presence is enough for a clinician to determine if someone has a mental illness
- D. Some individuals with a mental disorder may not experience subjective distress
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Subjective distress is not universal among individuals with a mental disorder. Choice A is incorrect as not all individuals with mental illness experience distress. Choice B is incorrect because distress is just one of the criteria used in diagnosing abnormality, not the only one. Choice C is incorrect because the presence of subjective distress alone is not sufficient for a clinician to determine if someone has a mental illness.