Nokea
Scientific studies have indicated that there is a higher percentage of allergies in babies fed formula containing cow's milk than in breast-fed babies. Which statement represents a valid inference made from these studies?
- A. Milk from cows causes allergic reactions in all infants.
- B. Breast feeding prevents all allergies from occurring.
- C. There is no relationship between drinking cow's milk and having allergies.
- D. Breast milk most likely contains fewer substances that trigger allergies.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for Answer D:
1. Scientific studies show higher allergies in cow's milk-fed babies.
2. Breast milk is the alternative in this scenario.
3. Breast milk is generally considered hypoallergenic.
4. Breast milk contains fewer potential allergens.
5. Thus, breast milk most likely contains fewer allergy triggers.
Summary:
A: Overgeneralization, not all infants react to cow's milk.
B: Absolute statement, breast milk is not 100% effective against all allergies.
C: Contradicts scientific findings, relationship exists between cow's milk and allergies.
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A client has come into the free clinic asking to be tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)infection. The client asks the nurse how the test works. The nurse responds that if the testing shows that antibodies to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus are present in the blood, this indicates that the client has which of the following?
- A. Immunity to HIV
- B. An intact immune system
- C. An AIDS-related complication
- D. An HIV infection
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: An HIV infection. The presence of antibodies to the AIDS virus in the blood indicates that the client has been exposed to HIV and their immune system has produced antibodies against it. This does not mean the client is immune to HIV (choice A) as HIV infection can still occur. It also does not necessarily mean the immune system is intact (choice B) as the presence of antibodies can indicate exposure to the virus. Additionally, the presence of antibodies does not indicate the client has an AIDS-related complication (choice C) as AIDS is a later stage of HIV infection.
The nurse is aware that blood type O is considered the universal donor. This means all patients can receive blood type O. Knowing this, which of the following statements is correct. (Select all that apply.)
- A. A client with the blood type B can receive blood type B and O.
- B. A client with the blood type B can receive blood type A and O.
- C. A client with the blood type B can receive blood type AB and O.
- D. A client with the blood type B can receive blood type AB and O.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a client with blood type B can receive blood type B and O. This is based on the compatibility rules for blood transfusions where individuals with blood type B can safely receive blood from donors with blood type B (as there are no antibodies against type B blood present in their system) and from universal donors with blood type O (since type O blood does not contain A or B antigens).
Choice B is incorrect because individuals with blood type B should not receive blood type A due to the presence of A antigens. Choice C is incorrect because individuals with blood type B should not receive blood type AB as it contains both A and B antigens. Choice D is incorrect for the same reason as choice C.
Age-related changes altering assessment techniques include all the following except?
- A. Progressive hair loss
- B. Dentition deteriorates with cavities
- C. Nail beds thickened or discolored
- D. Skin becomes dry
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because changes in dentition with cavities are not directly related to aging; they can occur at any age due to poor oral hygiene. Progressive hair loss, thickened/discolored nail beds, and dry skin are common age-related changes. Hair loss is linked to hormonal changes, nail bed changes may indicate poor circulation, and dry skin is a result of decreased oil production. Therefore, B is the correct answer as it does not specifically relate to age-related changes.
The mother asks the nurse if her child's iron deficiency anemia is related to the child's frequent infections. The nurse responds based on the understanding of which of the following?
- A. Little is known about iron-deficiency anemia and its relationship to infection in children.
- B. Children with iron deficiency anemia are more susceptible to infection than are other children.
- C. Children with iron-deficiency anemia are less susceptible to infection than are other children.
- D. Children with iron-deficient anemia are equally as susceptible to infection as are other children.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Children with iron deficiency anemia are more susceptible to infection than are other children. Iron is crucial for the immune system to function optimally. In iron deficiency anemia, the body lacks enough iron to produce hemoglobin, which can impair the immune response, making individuals more prone to infections. Therefore, children with iron deficiency anemia are indeed more susceptible to infections.
Explanation of other choices:
A: Little is known about iron-deficiency anemia and its relationship to infection in children - This is incorrect as there is a clear understanding of the link between iron deficiency anemia and susceptibility to infections.
C: Children with iron-deficiency anemia are less susceptible to infection than are other children - This is incorrect as iron deficiency impairs the immune response, making individuals more susceptible to infections.
D: Children with iron-deficient anemia are equally as susceptible to infection as are other children - This is incorrect as iron deficiency compromises the immune system, leading to increased susceptibility to
Which types of cells develop from yolk sacs (Mesoblastic phase)?
- A. Hb F, Hg A2, and Hg A
- B. Gower 1 and Gower 2 Hgb
- C. Portland Hgb
- D. Only Erythroblasts
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. During the mesoblastic phase of erythropoiesis in the yolk sac, only erythroblasts develop.
2. Erythroblasts are precursors of red blood cells and are responsible for producing hemoglobin.
3. Other choices (A, B, C) mention specific types of hemoglobins or cells that are not directly related to the mesoblastic phase.
4. Hb F, Hg A2, Hg A are adult hemoglobin types, Gower 1 and Gower 2 are embryonic hemoglobins, and Portland Hgb is an abnormal hemoglobin.
5. Therefore, the correct answer is D because only erythroblasts develop from yolk sacs during the mesoblastic phase.