Nokea
Select the following disorders characterized by inflammation of bronchi.
- A. Asthma
- B. Bronchitis
- C. Emphysema
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, leading to coughing and mucus production.
2. Asthma involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways but is not specific to bronchi.
3. Emphysema is a lung disease involving damage to the air sacs, not specifically inflammation of bronchi.
4. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection affecting the lungs, not primarily characterized by bronchial inflammation.
Summary:
Bronchitis is the correct answer as it specifically involves inflammation of the bronchi, while asthma, emphysema, and tuberculosis do not primarily exhibit this characteristic.
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What is characteristic of chronic inflammation?
- A. It may last 2 to 3 weeks.
- B. The injurious agent persists or repeatedly injures tissue.
- C. Infective endocarditis is an example of chronic inflammation.
- D. Neutrophils are the predominant cell type at the site of inflammation.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chronic inflammation occurs when the cause of the initial injury persists or recurs, leading to ongoing tissue damage and repair. Unlike acute inflammation, it involves lymphocytes and macrophages rather than neutrophils.
Which of the following DNA polymerases cleaves a DNA sequence at the direction of 5' → 3'?
- A. DNA polymerase I
- B. DNA polymerase II
- C. DNA polymerase III
- D. DNA polymerase IV
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: DNA polymerase I. DNA polymerase I has both 5' to 3' polymerase activity and 5' to 3' exonuclease activity, allowing it to cleave DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. This enzyme can remove RNA primers during DNA replication by cleaving them in the 5' to 3' direction and replace them with DNA nucleotides. DNA polymerase II, III, and IV do not have the same exonuclease activity as DNA polymerase I, so they are not capable of cleaving DNA sequences in the 5' to 3' direction like DNA polymerase I.
Which of the following statements concerning Influenza Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (N) is incorrect
- A. Both mutate frequently due to antigenic drift
- B. Function of N is to release new viral particles from infected cells
- C. HA binds to terminal sialic acid on cell surface molecules found on lung epithelial cells
- D. Tamiflu interferes with the attachment of HA to sialic acid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Tamiflu interferes with the function of Neuraminidase (N), not Hemagglutinin (HA). HA binds to sialic acid on cell surface molecules, not N. N's function is to release new viral particles. Both HA and N undergo antigenic drift. Therefore, choice D is incorrect as it misrepresents the mechanism of action of Tamiflu.
Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive disease. Both parents have been identified as heterozygous. There is a _____% chance that their offspring will be affected.
- A. 40%
- B. 50%
- C. 20%
- D. 25%
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: For an autosomal recessive disorder where both parents are carriers (heterozygous), there is a 25% chance that their offspring will inherit the condition because each child has a 1-in-4 chance of receiving two copies of the mutated gene.
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
- A. Rapid response and non-specificity
- B. Memory and high antigen specificity
- C. Activation by physical barriers
- D. Constant activity without antigen exposure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because adaptive immunity involves memory, meaning the immune system can recognize and respond more effectively to specific antigens upon subsequent exposure. This high antigen specificity allows for tailored responses to different pathogens. In contrast, innate immunity lacks memory and specificity, providing only a rapid but non-specific response to a wide range of pathogens. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not adequately capture the key distinguishing features of adaptive immunity.