Nokea
If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which quick immune response is required, we need to directly inject the preformed antibodies. This type of immunisation is known as:
- A. Active Immunisation
- B. Passive immunisation
- C. Allergic immunisation
- D. No such type of immunisation exist
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Passive immunisation involves injecting preformed antibodies to provide immediate protection against microbes. This is suitable for quick immune response in infected individuals. Active immunisation, on the other hand, stimulates the body to produce its own antibodies over time, which is not ideal for immediate protection. Allergic immunisation is unrelated to providing antibodies. There is no immunisation type of "No such type of immunisation exist."
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A 69-year-old woman asks the nurse whether it is possible to 'catch' cancer because many of her friends of the same age have been diagnosed with different kinds of cancer. In responding to the woman, the nurse understands that what factor increases the incidence of tumors in older adults?
- A. An increase in autoantibodies
- B. Decreased activity of the bone marrow
- C. Decreased differentiation of T lymphocytes
- D. Decreased size and activity of the thymus gland
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The thymus gland shrinks with age, reducing the production of new T cells, which impairs immune surveillance and increases cancer risk.
The nurse is performing morning care for a patient who sustained a fractured pelvis and bilateral femur fractures yesterday in a motorcycle collision. The patient complains of shortness of breath. Assessment reveals audible wheezes and oxygen saturation of 76%. What action should the nurse take first?
- A. Establish a peripheral intravenous (IV) line.
- B. Inform the charge nurse.
- C. Explain the patient's change in status to his family.
- D. Raise patient to high Fowler position.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: The patient complains of shortness of breath and has audible wheezes, indicating potential respiratory distress.
Step 2: Oxygen saturation of 76% is critically low and requires immediate intervention.
Step 3: Raising the patient to a high Fowler position helps improve lung expansion and oxygenation.
Step 4: This action takes priority to improve the patient's breathing and oxygen saturation levels.
Summary: A is incorrect as establishing an IV line is not the immediate priority. B is incorrect as informing the charge nurse delays direct patient care. C is incorrect as addressing the family is secondary to addressing the patient's urgent needs.
Which cells play a key role in linking innate and adaptive immunity?
- A. B cells
- B. Dendritic cells
- C. Eosinophils
- D. NK cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses by capturing and presenting antigens to T cells, thus initiating the adaptive immune response. They are crucial for activating T cells and initiating specific immune responses.
A: B cells are responsible for antibody production in the adaptive immune response, not for linking innate and adaptive immunity.
C: Eosinophils are primarily involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions, not in linking innate and adaptive immunity.
D: NK cells are part of the innate immune system and are involved in detecting and killing infected cells, but they do not directly link innate and adaptive immunity.
What is the primary mechanism by which innate immunity differentiates between self and non-self?
- A. Somatic recombination
- B. Recognition of PAMPs via PRRs
- C. Presentation of antigens by MHC molecules
- D. Production of antibodies
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Recognition of PAMPs via PRRs. Innate immunity distinguishes self from non-self by recognizing Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) via Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs). This recognition triggers an immediate response to eliminate potential threats. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because somatic recombination is a process in adaptive immunity, MHC molecules present antigens for recognition by T cells in adaptive immunity, and antibody production is part of adaptive immunity involving B cells.
What accurately describes passive acquired immunity (select all that apply)?
- A. Pooled gamma globulin
- B. Immunization with antigen
- C. Temporary for several months
- D. Immediate, lasting several weeks
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passive acquired immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, such as pooled gamma globulin, maternal immunoglobulins, and immediate protection that lasts for weeks to months.