Nokea
What defect in cellular proliferation is involved in the development of cancer?
- A. A rate of cell proliferation that is more rapid than that of normal body cells
- B. Shortened phases of cell life cycles with occasional skipping of G1 or S phases
- C. Rearrangement of stem cell RNA that causes abnormal cellular protein synthesis
- D. Indiscriminate and continuous proliferation of cells with loss of contact inhibition
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cancer involves indiscriminate and continuous proliferation of cells with loss of contact inhibition, which allows cells to grow uncontrollably.
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Tolerogenic dendritic cells
- A. Induce T cell unresponsiveness
- B. Do not secrete IL-12
- C. Express high levels of co-stimulatory molecules
- D. Have recognized PAMPs
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I apologize, but it seems like there was a mistake in the question. The correct answer is not provided as choice "E." Could you please provide the correct choices for the question so I can provide you with the detailed explanation you are looking for?
Plaques are:
- A. clear areas in a lawn of cultured cells caused by virus infection.
- B. stained areas in a cell culture indicating cells infected by a virus.
- C. virus colonies on agar.
- D. bacterial colonies on agar.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Plaques are clear areas caused by virus infection in a lawn of cultured cells. This is because viruses infect cells, causing cell death and lysis, which results in clear areas. Choice B is incorrect because stained areas are not typically associated with plaques. Choices C and D are also incorrect as they refer to virus and bacterial colonies, respectively, not plaques.
Which defense function is a specialty of both IgG and IgA antibody?
- A. Neonatal immunity
- B. Opsonization
- C. Antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells
- D. Complement activation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Opsonization. Both IgG and IgA antibodies can participate in opsonization, which involves tagging pathogens for destruction by phagocytes. IgG and IgA have specific receptors on phagocytes that recognize the tagged pathogens, enhancing their clearance. Neonatal immunity (choice A) is primarily mediated by IgG antibodies transferred from mother to fetus. Antibody-mediated degranulation of mast cells (choice C) is mainly associated with IgE antibodies in allergic reactions. Complement activation (choice D) mainly involves IgM and IgG antibodies, leading to a cascade of reactions for pathogen elimination.
What are the essential nursing actions that should be taken for a client with an immune system disorder?
- A. Monitor client for depression.
- B. Monitor client for infusion reactions.
- C. Review drug references.
- D. Advise the client on modifying the home environment.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Monitoring for infusion reactions is critical as clients with immune disorders often receive biologic therapies that can cause severe allergic or infusion-related reactions.
What is the medical term for a deficiency in the production of red blood cells?
- A. Iron deficiency anemia
- B. Sickle cell anemia
- C. Aplastic anemia
- D. Pernicious anemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow doesn't produce enough blood cells, including red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia (A) is caused by a lack of iron in the body, not a deficiency in red blood cell production. Sickle cell anemia (B) is a genetic disorder affecting the shape of red blood cells, not the production. Pernicious anemia (D) is caused by a lack of vitamin B12, which leads to a deficiency in red blood cell production, but it is not the medical term specifically used for this condition.