Nokea
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
- A. A B cell epitope will often be destroyed by denaturation
- B. A pathogen will often have more than one B cell epitope
- C. A B cell epitope is the part of the antibody molecule that contacts an antigen
- D. B cell epitopes are most commonly found on the surface of pathogens
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because a B cell epitope is not a part of the antibody molecule that contacts an antigen. B cell epitopes are specific regions on an antigen that bind to B cell receptors. Choice A is incorrect because denaturation can expose B cell epitopes. Choice B is incorrect because pathogens typically have multiple B cell epitopes. Choice D is incorrect because B cell epitopes can be found on various parts of pathogens, not just on the surface.
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Mucins are
- A. Produced by all epithelial cells
- B. Heavily glycosylated proteins that form a gel-like physical barrier on mucosal surfaces
- C. Natural antibiotics produced by specialized epithelial cells
- D. Found exclusively in the respiratory tract
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Mucins are heavily glycosylated proteins that form a gel-like barrier on mucosal surfaces.
2. This barrier helps protect the underlying tissues from pathogens and physical damage.
3. Mucins are primarily produced by goblet cells in epithelial tissues.
4. Choice B correctly describes the function and structure of mucins.
Summary:
- Choice A is incorrect because not all epithelial cells produce mucins.
- Choice C is incorrect as mucins are not natural antibiotics.
- Choice D is incorrect as mucins are present in various mucosal surfaces, not exclusively in the respiratory tract.
A client is being administered the first dose of belimumab for a systemic lupus erythematosus flare. What actions by the nurse are most appropriate? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Observe the client for at least 2 hours afterward.
- B. Instruct the client about the monthly infusion schedule.
- C. Inform the client not to drive or sign legal papers for 24 hours.
- D. Ensure emergency equipment is working and nearby.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inform the client not to drive or sign legal papers for 24 hours. This is because belimumab can cause dizziness and fatigue as side effects, which may impair the client's ability to drive or make important decisions. It is crucial for the nurse to ensure the safety of the client and others by advising against these activities for 24 hours post-administration.
Choice A: Observing the client for at least 2 hours is important for monitoring immediate adverse reactions, but it is not the most appropriate action in this scenario.
Choice B: Instructing the client about the monthly infusion schedule is important for treatment adherence, but it is not the most immediate concern after the first dose administration.
Choice D: Ensuring emergency equipment is working and nearby is important for safety precautions, but advising the client not to drive or sign legal papers is more directly related to the potential side effects of belimumab.
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
- A. Rapid response and non-specificity
- B. Memory and high antigen specificity
- C. Activation by physical barriers
- D. Constant activity without antigen exposure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because adaptive immunity involves memory, meaning the immune system can recognize and respond more effectively to specific antigens upon subsequent exposure. This high antigen specificity allows for tailored responses to different pathogens. In contrast, innate immunity lacks memory and specificity, providing only a rapid but non-specific response to a wide range of pathogens. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not adequately capture the key distinguishing features of adaptive immunity.
Lymph consists of fluid that:
- A. Is taken up from tissues by lymphatic capillaries
- B. Carries antigens and mature dendritic cells to lymph nodes
- C. Is secreted by lymphocytes
- D. Two of these options are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. A is correct as lymph is taken up from tissues by lymphatic capillaries.
2. B is correct as lymph carries antigens and mature dendritic cells to lymph nodes.
3. C is incorrect as lymph is not secreted by lymphocytes.
4. Therefore, D is correct as both A and B accurately describe the components and functions of lymph.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)?
- A. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
- B. Peptidoglycan
- C. Viral RNA
- D. MHC molecules
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, MHC molecules. PAMPs are conserved molecules found on pathogens that can trigger an immune response. MHC molecules are not PAMPs; they are part of the host's immune system used to present antigens to T cells. LPS, peptidoglycan, and viral RNA are examples of PAMPs as they are specific molecules found on pathogens that can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors on immune cells to initiate an immune response.