Nokea
The intestinal epithelial cells that specialize in the production of antimicrobial peptides are called:
- A. Goblet cells
- B. Enterocytes
- C. Paneth cells
- D. Epithelial stem cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Paneth cells. Paneth cells are specialized intestinal epithelial cells located in the small intestine that produce antimicrobial peptides to help defend against pathogens. They play a crucial role in maintaining gut homeostasis. Goblet cells (A) secrete mucus, enterocytes (B) absorb nutrients, and epithelial stem cells (D) are responsible for cell regeneration, but they do not produce antimicrobial peptides like Paneth cells do.
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Avian Influenza has not so far caused a human pandemic because
- A. Avian flu causes only mild infection in humans compared to birds
- B. Avian flu recognize a variant of sialic acid found only on avian cells
- C. Avian flu recognizes a variant of sialic acid only found in deep tissues of humans
- D. Of cross-protection obtained from the annual vaccine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because avian influenza has not caused a human pandemic due to the fact that it recognizes a variant of sialic acid only found in deep tissues of humans. This unique binding preference prevents efficient human-to-human transmission, which is crucial for a pandemic to occur. Choice A is incorrect as avian flu can cause severe illness in humans. Choice B is incorrect because avian flu recognizing a variant of sialic acid found only on avian cells would not prevent a pandemic in humans. Choice D is incorrect as there is no specific annual vaccine for avian influenza.
Priority Decision: During care of patients, what is the most important precaution for preventing transmission of infections?
- A. Wearing face and eye protection during routine daily care of the patient
- B. Wearing nonsterile gloves when in contact with body fluids, excretions, and contaminated items
- C. Wearing a gown to protect the skin and clothing during patient care activities likely to soil clothing
- D. Hand washing after touching fluids and secretions and removing gloves, as well as between patient contacts
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hand hygiene remains the single most effective measure in preventing the spread of infections, even when personal protective equipment (PPE) is used.
Which enzyme excises incorrect nucleotides on the newly synthesized DNA?
- A. DNA gyrase
- B. RNA primase
- C. DNA ligase
- D. DNA polymerase II
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: I'm sorry, but it seems like there was a mistake in the question as there is no option E provided. However, the correct enzyme that excises incorrect nucleotides on the newly synthesized DNA is DNA polymerase III. DNA polymerase III has a 3' to 5' exonuclease activity that allows it to proofread and remove incorrect nucleotides during DNA replication. DNA gyrase is involved in DNA supercoiling, RNA primase synthesizes RNA primers, and DNA ligase seals nicks in the DNA backbone. DNA polymerase II is involved in DNA repair.
What is the primary cause of anaphylaxis?
- A. Immune complex deposition
- B. Systemic release of vasoactive mediators
- C. Localized mast cell degranulation
- D. T cell activation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Systemic release of vasoactive mediators. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that is primarily caused by the systemic release of vasoactive mediators such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes from mast cells and basophils. These mediators lead to widespread vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction, and systemic hypotension, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of anaphylaxis.
Choice A (Immune complex deposition) is incorrect because anaphylaxis is not caused by the deposition of immune complexes but rather by the immediate hypersensitivity reaction.
Choice C (Localized mast cell degranulation) is incorrect because anaphylaxis involves systemic mast cell degranulation leading to widespread effects throughout the body, not just localized reactions.
Choice D (T cell activation) is incorrect because anaphylaxis is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies and mast cells, not T cells.
What are the essential nursing actions that should be taken for a client with an immune system disorder?
- A. Monitor client for depression.
- B. Monitor client for infusion reactions.
- C. Review drug references.
- D. Advise the client on modifying the home environment.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Monitoring for infusion reactions is critical as clients with immune disorders often receive biologic therapies that can cause severe allergic or infusion-related reactions.