Nokea
Which class of biological molecules can be bound by an immunoglobulin?
- A. Proteins
- B. Carbohydrates
- C. Lipids
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced by the immune system to recognize and bind to foreign molecules called antigens. These antigens can be proteins (choice A), carbohydrates (choice B), or lipids (choice C). Therefore, immunoglobulins can bind to all classes of biological molecules. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they each represent individual classes of molecules that can be targeted by immunoglobulins, but the correct answer encompasses all of them.
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Find the unmatched pair with respect to immune function:
- A. Interferons: protection from viral infections
- B. ROS: killing of engulfed pathogens
- C. Mast cells: acute phase response
- D. Selectins: role in leukocyte extravasation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mast cells: acute phase response. Mast cells are actually involved in allergic responses, not the acute phase response of the immune system. The acute phase response is primarily mediated by cytokines and acute-phase proteins. Interferons protect against viral infections, ROS help kill pathogens inside cells, and selectins aid in leukocyte extravasation during inflammation.
Which of the following is a major site of immune complex deposition in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
- A. Thyroid
- B. Glomerular basement membrane
- C. Peripheral nerves
- D. Mast cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glomerular basement membrane. In SLE, immune complexes deposit in various tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. The glomerular basement membrane is a common site for immune complex deposition in SLE, resulting in lupus nephritis. The other choices are incorrect because immune complex deposition does not typically occur in the thyroid, peripheral nerves, or mast cells in SLE. Thyroid involvement in SLE is more related to autoimmune thyroiditis, while peripheral nerves are not a major site for immune complex deposition in this condition. Mast cells are primarily involved in allergic reactions and are not a major target in SLE.
Which pathway in the complement system is activated by immune complexes containing IgG or IgM?
- A. Alternative pathway
- B. Classical pathway
- C. Lectin pathway
- D. Terminal pathway
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Classical pathway. This pathway is activated by immune complexes containing IgG or IgM. When these antibodies bind to antigens, they trigger the classical pathway by forming a complex that activates C1q, initiating a cascade of reactions leading to inflammation and opsonization. The alternative pathway (A) is activated by microbial surfaces, while the lectin pathway (C) is activated by mannose-binding lectin binding to carbohydrates on pathogens. The terminal pathway (D) involves the formation of the membrane attack complex.
A client with HIV has been prescribed antiviral medications. What instructions related to administration of medications should the nurse give such a client?
- A. Complying with the timing of antiviral medications around meals.
- B. Avoiding exposure to harsh sunlight for about two hours after taking the medication.
- C. Having the medications with plenty of fruit juice.
- D. Having an increased dose of the medications if the symptoms worsen.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Adhering to the timing of antiviral medications around meals ensures optimal absorption and effectiveness.
What accurately describes passive acquired immunity (select all that apply)?
- A. Pooled gamma globulin
- B. Immunization with antigen
- C. Temporary for several months
- D. Immediate, lasting several weeks
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passive acquired immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, such as pooled gamma globulin, maternal immunoglobulins, and immediate protection that lasts for weeks to months.