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Priority Decision: During care of patients, what is the most important precaution for preventing transmission of infections?
- A. Wearing face and eye protection during routine daily care of the patient
- B. Wearing nonsterile gloves when in contact with body fluids, excretions, and contaminated items
- C. Wearing a gown to protect the skin and clothing during patient care activities likely to soil clothing
- D. Hand washing after touching fluids and secretions and removing gloves, as well as between patient contacts
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hand hygiene remains the single most effective measure in preventing the spread of infections, even when personal protective equipment (PPE) is used.
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If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which quick immune response is required, we need to directly inject the preformed antibodies. This type of immunisation is known as:
- A. Active Immunisation
- B. Passive immunisation
- C. Allergic immunisation
- D. No such type of immunisation exist
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Passive immunisation involves injecting preformed antibodies to provide immediate protection against microbes. This is suitable for quick immune response in infected individuals. Active immunisation, on the other hand, stimulates the body to produce its own antibodies over time, which is not ideal for immediate protection. Allergic immunisation is unrelated to providing antibodies. There is no immunisation type of "No such type of immunisation exist."
The nurse is reviewing the immune system prior to discussing the actions with a patient. What type of cell should the nurse identify that is involved in cell-mediated immunity and has a cytotoxic action on tumor cells?
- A. Lysosomes
- B. Memory cells
- C. Natural killer cells
- D. Histocompatibility cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Natural killer cells. Natural killer cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and have cytotoxic actions on tumor cells. They are part of the innate immune system and can directly kill infected or cancerous cells. Lysosomes (A) are organelles within cells that break down waste materials. Memory cells (B) are a type of immune cell that "remembers" previous infections to mount a faster response upon re-exposure. Histocompatibility cells (D) are involved in recognizing self from non-self in transplant situations, not in cytotoxic actions on tumor cells.
Which of the following is not a function of the immune system?
- A. Protecting the body from foreign substances
- B. Producing hormones
- C. Repairing damaged tissues
- D. All of the above are functions of the immune system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Producing hormones. The immune system's main functions are to protect the body from foreign substances and repair damaged tissues. Producing hormones is not a direct function of the immune system. Hormone production is primarily regulated by the endocrine system, not the immune system. Therefore, option B is not a function of the immune system. Options A and C are incorrect as protecting the body from foreign substances and repairing damaged tissues are essential roles of the immune system. Option D is incorrect because not all functions listed are actually performed by the immune system.
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
- A. Rapid response and non-specificity
- B. Memory and high antigen specificity
- C. Activation by physical barriers
- D. Constant activity without antigen exposure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because adaptive immunity involves memory, meaning the immune system can recognize and respond more effectively to specific antigens upon subsequent exposure. This high antigen specificity allows for tailored responses to different pathogens. In contrast, innate immunity lacks memory and specificity, providing only a rapid but non-specific response to a wide range of pathogens. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not adequately capture the key distinguishing features of adaptive immunity.
What is a compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?
- A. Shifting of bicarbonate into cells in exchange for chloride
- B. Kidney conservation of bicarbonate and excretion of hydrogen ions
- C. Deep,rapid respirations (Kussmaul respirations) to increase CO2 excretion
- D. Decreased respiratory rate and depth to retain CO2 and kidney excretion of bicarbonate
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: To compensate for metabolic alkalosis, the body decreases respiratory rate to retain CO2 and excretes bicarbonate via kidneys.