Nokea
Triggers for complement activation include
- A. Binding of opsonins, such as MBL, to microbes
- B. Direct recognition of microbes
- C. Formation of immune complexes
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three choices are valid triggers for complement activation. A is correct as opsonins like MBL can bind to microbes and activate the complement system. B is correct as direct recognition of microbes can also trigger complement activation. C is correct as the formation of immune complexes can lead to complement activation through the classical pathway. Therefore, all of the above choices are triggers for complement activation.
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The nurse has contributed to an educational program for staff members. Which statement made by a staff member indicates a correct understanding of how passive immunity is provided?
- A. Having an acute disease.
- B. Administration of a toxoid.
- C. Administration of a vaccine.
- D. Administration of immunoglobulin.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, administration of immunoglobulin, for passive immunity. Immunoglobulin contains pre-formed antibodies that provide immediate protection against specific pathogens. Administering immunoglobulin transfers these antibodies to the recipient, offering temporary immunity. Choice A, having an acute disease, does not involve receiving external antibodies. Choice B, administration of a toxoid, induces active immunity against toxins, not passive immunity. Choice C, administration of a vaccine, stimulates active immunity by triggering the body to produce its antibodies, not providing immediate protection like passive immunity with immunoglobulin.
Which of the following would have the highest priority in septic shock?
- A. Monitoring temperature.
- B. Monitoring airway,breathing,circulation (ABC).
- C. Monitoring pupillary reaction.
- D. Monitoring ANA and RF levels.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In septic shock, maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC) is critical because these systems ensure oxygenation and perfusion, which are compromised in shock states. Monitoring temperature and other parameters is secondary to stabilizing ABC.
What treatment is commonly used for anaphylaxis?
- A. Antihistamines only
- B. Epinephrine
- C. Corticosteroids only
- D. Antibiotics
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Epinephrine. Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis as it rapidly reverses the symptoms by constricting blood vessels, relaxing airway muscles, and increasing heart rate. It is crucial in preventing severe complications and can be life-saving. Antihistamines (choice A) only target histamine effects, which are not sufficient in managing anaphylaxis. Corticosteroids (choice C) are used as adjunct therapy but are not as immediate or critical as epinephrine. Antibiotics (choice D) are not indicated for anaphylaxis treatment. Therefore, epinephrine is the most appropriate choice for managing anaphylaxis effectively.
A client with HIV has been prescribed antiviral medications. What instructions related to administration of medications should the nurse give such a client?
- A. Complying with the timing of antiviral medications around meals.
- B. Avoiding exposure to harsh sunlight for about two hours after taking the medication.
- C. Having the medications with plenty of fruit juice.
- D. Having an increased dose of the medications if the symptoms worsen.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Adhering to the timing of antiviral medications around meals ensures optimal absorption and effectiveness.
A patient with diarrhea has been diagnosed with Clostridium difficile. Along with standard precautions, which kind of transmission-based precautions will be used when the nurse is caring for this patient?
- A. Droplet precautions
- B. Contact precautions
- C. Isolation precautions
- D. Airborne precautions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clostridium difficile spreads through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or hands. Therefore, contact precautions are necessary to prevent its transmission.